IEA/HPT Annex 53 Advanced Cooling/Refrigeration Technologies Development– Final Report

This report documents work done under the International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pumping Technologies collaborative project IEA Annex 53, Advanced Cooling/Refrigeration Technologies Development. Research and development institutes in five Heat Pumping Technologies member countries—Germany, Italy, the People’s Republic of China, South Korea, and the United States of America—shared information on a range of advanced, lower-carbon heat pump/air-conditioning (AC) technologies. This annex was launched in response to the anticipated heavy growth in worldwide demand for AC and refrigeration by 2050. The technical scope of Annex 53 was very broad by design. It is unlikely that there will be only one or even a few so-called right solutions to the challenge. Therefore, the participants were free to investigate a wide range of possible technology solutions. Research, development, and demonstration efforts focused on advanced, higher-efficiency technology solutions for future AC and refrigeration systems. Technologies included those based on enhancements of the time-proven vapor compression cycle, electrochemical compression, absorption and adsorption (including compressor-assisted) systems, and others based on nontraditional cycles (including magnetocaloric, elastocaloric, electrocaloric, heat pipe–assisted caloric cycles, and more). Technology readiness levels for the investigated technology options ranged from approximately 2 to about 8 by the end of the annex

Success Factors and Barriers for Facility Management in Keeping Nearly-Zero-Energy Non-Residential Buildings Energy-Efficient over Time

Energy efficiency is a cornerstone of climate change mitigation. For buildings, facility management is an essential part of achieving efficient energy use while keeping tenants satisfied. This interview study explores success factors and barriers for facility management in maintaining energy efficiency over time in four approximately 10-year-old non-residential premises built as so-called nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) in Sweden. The study highlights the importance of functional digital tools, benchmarks, and building professionals’ involvement in ensuring energy efficiency. It also emphasizes the need for involvement communication and strategies to engage facility management in energy efficiency efforts. The study suggests that in-house and public policies can play a crucial role in sustaining high ambitions for energy efficiency. Access to professional support that is self-evident to use is identified as a critical success factor. Additionally, the research presents an analytic model that can be used in future studies to assess facility management organizations’ potential for maintaining energy performance in buildings over time. This study was founded by the Swedish Energy Agency within the research program E2B2 (project number 50407-1). The work was carried out under the auspices of the PhD school Reesbe, which is financed by the Swedish Knowledge Foundation (KK-stiftelsen, project number 20150133).</p

Depositional and Diagenetic Sulfates of Hogwallow Flats and Yori Pass, Jezero Crater : Evaluating Preservation Potential of Environmental Indicators and Possible Biosignatures From Past Martian Surface Waters and Groundwaters

The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover has examined and sampled sulfate-rich clastic rocks from the Hogwallow Flats member at Hawksbill Gap and the Yori Pass member at Cape Nukshak. Both strata are located on the Jezero crater western fan front, are lithologically and stratigraphically similar, and have been assigned to the Shenandoah formation. In situ analyses demonstrate that these are fine-grained sandstones composed of phyllosilicates, hematite, Ca-sulfates, Fe-Mg-sulfates, ferric sulfates, and possibly chloride salts. Sulfate minerals are found both as depositional grains and diagenetic features, including intergranular cement and vein- and vug-cements. Here, we describe the possibility of various sulfate phases to preserve potential biosignatures and the record of paleoenvironmental conditions in fluid and solid inclusions, based on findings from analog sulfate-rich rocks on Earth. The samples collected from these outcrops, Hazeltop and Bearwallow from Hogwallow Flats, and Kukaklek from Yori Pass, should be examined for such potential biosignatures and environmental indicators upon return to Earth. We thank the entire Mars 2020 science, engineering, and leadership team. K. C. Benison and K. K. Gill acknowledge funding from National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant 80NSSC20K0235 to K.C.B. T. Bosak is supported by NASA Grant 80NSSC20K0234 and the Simons Foundation Collaboration on the Origins of Life #327126. E. A. Cloutis acknowledges funding from the Canadian Space Agency (Grants 15FASTA05 and 22EXPCOI4), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Grants RGPIN‐2015‐0452, RTI‐2020‐00157, and RGPIN‐2023‐03413), the Canada Foundation for Innovation and Research Manitoba (Grants CFI1504 and CFI‐2450). F. Fornaro was funded through the ASI/INAF Agreement n. 2023‐3‐HH. C. D. K. Herd and N. Randazzo acknowledge funding from the Canadian Space Agency (20EXPMARS), and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Grant RGPIN‐2018‐04902 to C.D.K.H.). J. M. Madariaga and J. M. Frias acknowledge funding from the Spanish Agency for Research AEI/MCIN/FEDER Grant PID2022‐142750OB‐I00. M. Nachon was funded by NASA M2020 Participating Scientist Grant 80NSSC21K0329. S. Sharma, K. Hand, and K. Uckert acknowledge funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004) to support research that was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. S. Siljeström acknowledges funding from the Swedish National Space Agency, contract 2021‐00092. A. Williams acknowledges funding from NASA 80NSSC21K0332.</p

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Spatial restrictions inadvertently doubled the carbon footprint of Norway's mackerel fishing fleet

The ocean is increasingly used for industry, energy and recreation or protected for conservation, resulting in increasing spatial restrictions for fisheries. Simultaneously, producing seafood with a low climate footprint is becoming increasingly important. Despite this, the effects of spatial restrictions on the emissions of fishing fleets are poorly known. In the Northeast Atlantic, the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU (Brexit) meant that the UK regained autonomy in its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). This suddenly imposed a spatial restriction for several foreign fishing fleets targeting Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Here, we use this natural experiment and open fisheries data to investigate how Brexit affected the performance and emissions of the Norwegian mackerel fishery. As the fleet was excluded from fishing grounds in the UK, the catch per fishing trip almost halved, while the number of trips per vessel doubled. As a result, fuel use intensity (FUI) more than doubled from ∼0.08 to ∼0.18 L fuel per kg mackerel. We estimate that this shift required an additional 23 million liters of fuel per year, causing additional fuel costs of ∼€18 million annually and emitting an additional ∼72,000 tonnes CO2 per year. The policy change undid ∼15 years of improved fuel efficiency in Norwegian pelagic fisheries. These findings provide rare empirical evidence on how spatial restrictions can undermine progress towards decreasing greenhouse gas emissions in fisheries, highlighting the need to monitor and account for emissions in fisheries management and consider these trade-offs in marine spatial management. This work is funded by the Norwegian Research Council , project 326896 </p

Algorithmic Transparency, Manipulation, and Two Concepts of Liberty

As more decisions are made by automated algorithmic systems, the transparency of these systems has come under scrutiny. While such transparency is typically seen as beneficial, there is a also a critical, Foucauldian account of it. From this perspective, worries have recently been articulated that algorithmic transparency can be used for manipulation, as part of a disciplinary power structure. Klenk (Philosophy &amp; Technology 36, 79, 2023) recently argued that such manipulation should not be understood as exploitation of vulnerable victims, but rather as indifference to whether the information provided enhances decision-making by revealing reasons. This short commentary on Klenk uses Berlin’s (1958) two concepts of liberty to further illuminate the concept of transparency as manipulation, finding alignment between positive liberty and the critical account. Open access funding provided by RISE Research Institutes of Sweden. The author received noexternal funding for this work.</p

Foreign Information Manipulation &amp; Interference: A Large Language Model Perspective

This report focus on the intersection ofForeign Information Manipulation andInterference and Large Language Models.The aim is to give a non-technicalcomprehensive understanding of howweaknesses in the language models canbe used for creating malicious content tobe used in FIMI

Utilization of calcite-rich Green Liquor Dregs (GLD) by-products from pulp and paper industry : Cement clinker production and life cycle analysis

The pulp and paper industry produces several calcite-rich by-products including Green Liquor Dregs (GLDs), lime mud, grits, sludges, etc. Presently, majority of these by-products are managed by landfilling. The GLD used in this study is mainly dominated by calcite (∼80 %) and Hydrotalcite like compounds (HTlc, ∼12 %). It is used to produced OPC clinkers by using them as 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % replacement of limestone used for clinker production. TGA-DSC analysis of the clinker raw meals up to 1350 ℃ indicates that increase in GLD leads to slight reduction in the decomposition temperature for the raw meals, and a slight change in the formation temperatures for C2S and C3S. The mineral phase compositions of all the clinkers are comparable with a slightly decreasing C3S and C2S with increasing GLD. Compared to the Bogue calculated compositions, C3S and C2S are slightly lower, while the C3A is significantly lower and C4AF is significantly higher. The environmental leaching of GLD and the clinkers are all within the limits set by EN-12457-2. The environmental impact of clinker production and effect of GLD is analyzed for cradle-to-gate scenario with system boundaries. This analysis shows that by using GLD as replacement for limestone can lower the impact on diversity as well as CO2 related to transportation can also be reduced. This research was a part of the MIMEPRO-project (7935/35/2019), which is a Business Finland funded Co-Innovation Project, together with the following companies: Stora Enso Oyj, Metsä Fibre Oy, Valmet Oy, Fortum Waste Solutions Oy, Matnur Oy, Betoniteollisuus ry, and Parma-Consolis Oy. D.D. Ramteke and P. Kinnunen would like to acknowledge the support by the Academy of Finland – Academy Project (CEMGLASS-243033041).</p

Interfacial Adsorption of Oil-Soluble Kraft Lignin and Stabilization of Water-in-Oil Emulsions

In this paper, the potential of esterified Kraft lignin as a novel oil-soluble surfactant was examined. The lignin was chemically modified by esterification with lauric or stearic acid, making it soluble in solvents such as toluene or n-decane. Adsorption at the oil-water interface was then studied by the Du Noüy ring-method. The oil-soluble lignin behaved similar to water-soluble lignin surfactants, both the qualitative and quantitative progression of interfacial tension. Modeling revealed a surface excess of 7.5-9.0 × 10-7 mol/m2, area per molecule of 185-222 Å2, and a diffusion coefficient within the range 10-10 to 10-14 m2/s; all of which are in line with existing literature on water-soluble lignosulfonates. The data further suggested that the pendant alkyl chains were extended well into the paraffinic solvent. At last, bottle tests showed that the oil-soluble lignin was able to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions. The emulsion stability was affected by the concentration of lignin or NaCl as well as the oil phase composition. Aromatic oils exhibited lower emulsion stability in comparison to the aliphatic oil. In conclusion, a new type of surfactant was synthesized and studied, which may contribute to developing green surfactants and novel approaches to valorize technical lignin.This work was carried out as a part of project “LignoWax─Green Wax Inhibitors and Production Chemicals based on Lignin”, grant number 326876. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Norwegian Research Council, Equinor ASA, and ChampionX Norge AS. The authors would further like to thank Fredrik Heen Blindheim for help with the FTIR analysis.</p

Relationship between hemolysis and lipid oxidation in red blood cell-spiked fish muscle; dependance on pH and blood plasma

The relationship between hemolysis and lipid oxidation was explored in red blood cell (RBCs)-spiked washed cod mince (WCM). At pH 6.8 and 3 ± 1 °C, intact RBCs (71 µM Hb) delayed lipid oxidation by 1 day compared to WCM with partly or fully lysed RBCs which oxidized immediately. Intact RBCs also lowered peak peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) with up to 59.5% and 48.1%, respectively. Adding 3% (v/w) blood plasma to RBC-spiked WCM delayed the lipid oxidation onset from 1 to 3–4 days without delaying hemolysis. At pH 6.4 the oxidation onset in RBC-WCM was the same as for pH 6.8 while at pH 7.2–7.6 lipid oxidation was suppressed for 7 days. Micrographs revealed RBC-lysis from day 2 at pH 6.4 but at pH 7.6, RBC stayed intact for ≥ 7 days. Thus, assuring presence of plasma-derived antioxidants and/or elevating muscle pH to avoid hemolysis can aid valorization of blood rich underutilized fish raw materials. This work was supported by the Swedish research council for sustainable development (FORMAS) Grant no. 2016-01181. This project has also received funding from Region Västra Götaland (project RUN 2019-00345) and the Bio Based Industries Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement (No 837726). The JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and the Bio Based Industries Consortium</p