Calcium supplementation is recommended for patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis to prevent further bone density loss. However, recent studies have shown associations between high calcium supplementation and increased cardiovascular disease and kidney stones. This study looks into current recommendations for calcium supplementations in light of these new findings.https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/fmclerk/1159/thumbnail.jp

Kim, Jani M

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University of VermontScholarWorks @ UVMFamily Medicine Clerkship Student Projects College of Medicine2016Calcium SupplementationJani M. KimUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/fmclerkPart of the Medical Education Commons, and the Primary Care CommonsThis Book is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Medicine at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in FamilyMedicine Clerkship Student Projects by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contactdonna.omalley@uvm.edu.Recommended CitationKim, Jani M., "Calcium Supplementation" (2016). Family Medicine Clerkship Student Projects. Book 139.http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/fmclerk/139Calcium SupplementsJani Kim MS-IIIFamily Medicine Clerkship December 2015-January 2016Thomas Chittenden Health CenterMentor: Dr. Dan Donnelly MDThe Problem• Osteoporosis is a costly and prevalent condition in the U.S. • Calcium supplements have been recommended to prevent bone density loss.• However several studies have come to conflicting conclusions regarding calcium supplementation:• There is an association of  calcium supplement consumption with increased heart attacks. Relative Risk 30% (Bolland et.al. 2010)• Dietary calcium does not affect the risk of  cardiovascular disease. Calcium supplements are associated with more heart attacks, but not stroke or overall cardiovascular death. (Li et.al., 2012)• There is insufficient evidence to determine benefit of  calcium and vitamin D supplements. (Moyer et.al, 2013)Public Health Cost• A daily dose of  calcium and vitamin D ranges from $0.06 to $0.32. Median cost is $0.16 per day. Thus, annual cost of  supplementation is $43.22, a total more than $356 million per year.• 29% of  women over age 55 in the U.S. are regular users of  calcium and dietary supplements (Ipsos Public Affairs, 2012).• 8.2 million U.S. women over the age of  55 are diagnosed with osteoporosis.• More than 1.2 million fractures due to osteoporosis occurred in 2012 at an average cost of  $11,020. • $14 billion in annual direct health care costs to treat fractures, excluding the costs of  lost productivity, mobility, and quality of  life.Community Perspective and Project Support• “Currently I am not recommending calcium supplementation because of  the new information about coronary plaques and kidney stones. I still try to encourage people to eat a well-balanced diet and I am not clear if  they still need to get to the 1200-1500 mg mark through diet. If  patients can’t have dairy and are osteoporotic, then I might be more inclined to recommend the supplement.”  - Adriane Trout MD• “In Vermont, some people might need calcium supplements because we are without sunlight for so long, and most people in Vermont have a minimally low vitamin D level at the end of  winter. I don’t think most people need extra calcium. I tell people what my grandma told me. Eat your fruits and vegetables, drink your milk, and go outside. Patients might know how much calcium is in their supplements, but may not know how much calcium is in their food.” Joseph Haddock MD• “I usually recommend 1000 mg a day if  women are not getting enough in their diet. I do a better job talking about it with my female patients than my male patients. I think it’s a good idea to tease out their diet first because if  they are getting 3-4 calcium rich foods a day, then they probably don’t need it.” Sarah Dudley FNP• “I used to take them religiously until I heard about side effects like this. Then I stopped and I don’t feel any different. I do eat a lot of  cheese, although that’s not good for weight, and I eat broccoli and kale. Aren’t they good sources for calcium? I think I will just keep doing what I am doing.” Unnamed patient, TCHC.Intervention and Methodology• As calcium supplementation is currently under review, several health care providers at TCHC felt that they would benefit from an easy-to-read handout of  the most current recommendations for calcium supplementation.• Several patients wanted to learn more about calcium in their diet and had questions about whether they should start taking calcium supplements. They were interested in having a handout with more information.• Method: Literature research and review on dietary calcium, calcium supplements, and current recommendations to produce a concise handout that is accessible to both health care providers and patients.Results• Handout with current recommendations and a chart with calcium-rich foods was distributed among health care providers at Thomas Chittenden Health Center. Extra copies were given to providers to give to patients who are interested. • Copies were also made available in the waiting rooms for patients and family members.• Electronic copy available to staff  for future use.Evaluation of  Effectiveness and Limitations• Many patients at TCHC are well-read and invested in their health care. A handout with information available in the waiting room might be helpful to them.• Effectiveness of  the handout can be evaluated by completing a survey of  health care providers after several weeks to assess whether they found the handout helpful and what they were now recommending to their patients regarding calcium supplements.• Limitations: patients may not be interested in changing dietary habits, difficulty in evaluating patients of  different groups (men, premenopausal women, postmenopausal women)Recommendations for Future Projects• Evaluate current treatment plans for male and female patients with osteoporosis and their dietary calcium intake and calcium supplementation.• Dietary recommendations for combined calcium and vitamin D supplements• Survey cardiologists practice and protocol regarding patients with coronary artery disease who are taking calcium supplements.• Survey dieticians and their current practice and recommendations regarding calcium and vitamin D supplementation.References• Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, Grey A, MacLennan GS, Gamble GD, Reid IR. Effect of  calcium supplements on risk of  myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. British Medical Journal. 2010; 341.• Heller HF, Greer LG, Haynes SD, Poindexter JR, Pak CY. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of  two calcium supplements in postmenopausal women. J Clin Pharamcol. 2000; 40(11):1237.• Hennekens CH, Barice EJ. Calcium supplements and risk of  myocardial infarction: a hypothesis formulated but not yet adequately tested. Am J Med. 2011; 124(12):1097.• Hsia J, Heiss G, Ren H, Allison M, Dolan NC, Greenland P, Heckbert SR, Johnson KC, Manson JE, Sidney S, Trevisan M, Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium/Vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events. Circulation. 2007; 115(7):846.• Li K, Kaaks R, Linseisen J, Rohrmann, S. Associations of  dietary calcium intake and calcium supplementation with myocardial infarction and stroke risk and overall cardiovascular mortality in the Heidelberg cohort of  the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. British Medical Journal Heart. 2012; 98:920-925.• Moyer V. Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation to Prevent Fractures in Adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med, 2013; DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00603• Shanahan C and Lorimier R. Smart Prevention – Health Care Cost Savings Resulting from the Targeted Use of  Dietary Supplements. Frost and Sullivan Foundation. 2013. 77-94.• Sheikh, M., Ana, C., Nicar, M., Schiller, L., & Fordtran, J. Gastrointestinal Absorption of  Calcium from Milk and Calcium Salts. N Engl J Med. 1987; 317(9):532.Name of  Project/Interview Consent FormThank you for agreeing to be interviewed. This project is a requirement for the Family Medicine clerkship. It will be stored on the Dana Library ScholarWorks website. Your name will be attached to your interview and you may be cited directly or indirectly in subsequent unpublished or published work. The interviewer affirms that he/she has explained the nature and purpose of  this project. The interviewee affirms that he/she has consented to this interview. Yes __X__ / No _____ 

Calcium Supplementation

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