Transparències de l'assignatura "Comunicacions Òptiques" del curs 4B d'enginyeria de telecomunicacions.2010/201

Gené Bernaus, Joan M.

English

UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC

Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeriatelecom     de Telecomunicació de BarcelonaDepartament de Teoria del SenyalBCNUNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA     i ComunicacionsFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSJOAN M. GENÉ BERNAUSOPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS GROUPG C OFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOCONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION.2. OPTICAL FIBER3. OPTICAL SOURCES4. OPTICAL RECEIVERS5 OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS.  6. FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 2CONTENTS FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCO1. INTRODUCTION• HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE • BASIC FIBER‐OPTIC SYSTEM• F.O. COM. ADVANTAGES• 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM        .• F.O. LOCALIZATION27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 3CONTENTSFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1800Primitive Signals – Old civilizations used fire or smoke signs as a communication mechanism. Digital Optical Communications.XVIII Century – The optical signals used were produced using flags                   and flashlights among others. 1792 – Claude Chappe invents the aerial telegraph. A kind of h i l i d (F h R )1900mec an ca  antenna us ng a secret co e  renc   ev. . Transmissions of 100 km with repeaters each 10 km. Speed 1 b/s.1837 – Samuel Morse presents the electrical telegraph. Starts the electrical communications. The Morse code spreads out rapidly and the transmission speed increases up to 10 b/s. The transmission distance reaches 1000s of Km.1866 – First transatlantic telegraph cable. 27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 41.   INTRODUCTION  - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE2000FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCO1800 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone, two hours before Elisha Gray. Recently the invention has been attributed toAntonio Meucci, 1871. Starts the analog communications era. The               telephone experiences a worldwide extension until today.1895 – First radio communications experiments by GuglielmoMarconi1900.1931 – Transmission of first TV. images by René Barthélémy.Fi i l bl i i O d f MH1940 – rst coax a  ca e transm ss on system.  r er o   z.1948 – First microwave transmission system over coaxial cable. Order of GHz. Transmission speed up to 100 Mb/s with repeater distance of just 1 Km due to cable losses (5‐10 dB/km).1956 – First transatlantic telephone cable. 200027 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 51.   INTRODUCTION  - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCO1800 1952 – Physicist Narinder S. Kapany performed first light guiding experiments considered the invention of optical fiber. Kapany based his experiments on John Tyndall’s theoretical work (Total Internal                 Reflection – 1850s ) about light guiding in water fountains.1953 –Maser Theory by Charles H. Townes (Columbia), and independently Nikolai G Basov and Aleksandr M Prokhorov (Soviet1900,    .      .     Union). Nobel Prize 1964.1957 – Laser Theory by Charles H. Townes (Columbia) and Arthur Schawlow (Bell Labs). Patented on 1960 and conflict with Gordon Gould (graduate student at Columbia, recognized 1987).1960 – First Rubi Laser (694 nm) by Theodore H Maiman (Hugues          . Research Lab). This allows to think about an optical transmission system with a carrier on the order of 100 THz. D=1mm. We already have source. A little later Ali Javan (Iran) presents the first Gas Laser (H N )2000e‐ e .1962 – First pulsed semiconductor GaAs (850 nm) laser by Robert N. Hall and red laser by Nick Holonyak, Jr. (General Electric).27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 61.   INTRODUCTION  - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCO1800 1965 – Charles K. Kao (Nobel Prize 2009) and George A.Hockham (Standard Telephones and Cables) demonstrated that the main attenuation source of silica glass (1000 dB/km) was the presence of                     impurities. Their studies predicted an attenuation around 20 dB/km.1970 ‐ Robert D. Maurer et al. (Corning) demostrated an optical fiber (SiO ) transmission with an attenuation of 17 dB/km in the region of19002                        1m. We already have medium.   Izuo Hayashy and Morton Panish (Bell Labs), and independently, Zhores Alferov (Soviet Union) develop the first semiconductor (GaAs) laser diode working in continuous‐wave at room temperature using the heterostructure. Dimensions similar to an optical fiber. Development of first LED diodes and photodetectors.1973 – Developtment of optical fibers with lower attenuation than coaxial cables (4dB/km at 850 nm).9 D l t f thi d i d b NTT (0 2dB/k t 1550 )20001 77 – eve opmen  o   r  w n ow  y    . m a    nm .1979 – First Single‐Mode fiber (0.2dB/km at 1550 nm).27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 71.   INTRODUCTION  - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCO1800 1980 – Development of first semiconductor optical amplifiers. First commercial fiber‐optic transmission system. 45 Mb/s and a repeater distance of 10 km.     1986 – First doped fiber optical amplifiers David Payne (U. Southampton) and Emmanuel Desurvire (Bell Laboratories). Became commercial late 80’s and increase the transmitter distance up to1900                   100 km.1988 – First transatlantic optical cable (TAT‐8)1996 – First transpacific optical cable (TPC‐5) including WDMtechnology 20x5 Gb/s.2000back to ditital optical communications27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 81.   INTRODUCTION  - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCO18001e+15 CAPACITY EVOLUTIONWDM1e+12 opt. amplif.19001e+09t/s ∙ km]fiber optic1e+06CxD [bitcoaxial microowaves1e+03 telephone2000 1850 1900 1950 2000Year1e+00telegraph27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 91.   INTRODUCTION  - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOWhat does 10 Gb/s mean ?         Encyclopedia Britannica BCN32 volumesNYC44 million words24,000 photos1 sec10 Gb 10 Gb/s27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 101.   INTRODUCTION  - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOFIBER‐OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM   Information SourceDestinationLogical DomainElectrical TXElectrical RXElectrical DomainOptical OpticalOpticalOptical  TX RX FiberOptical Domain SourcesLED LASER PIN APDPhotodetectorsAmplifiers27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 111.   INTRODUCTION  - BASIC FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMSOA, EDFAFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOFib O ti S t E lELECTRICAL FILTER er‐ p c  ys em  xamp eMODULATION SIGNALTXELECTRICALOPTICAL AMPLIFIERRXOPTICAL FILTER FILTERLASEREXTERNAL MODULATOR PHOTODETECTOROPTICAL FIBERCladding (125 microns)External Jacket (4 microns thick)SiO PVCCore (9 microns)Internal Jacket (250 microns)2Acrilate27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 121.   INTRODUCTION  - BASIC FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCO27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 131.   INTRODUCTION  - BASIC FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCO10070’s1st windowm)2nd i d10tion (dB/k2 5dB/kmw n ow3rd window80’s90’1Attenuat0 4dB/k.s0.10.2dB/km. m600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 (nm)Lasers AlGaAs InGaAsP InGaAsPSC Amp.Fiber AmpPhotodetAlGaAs InGaAsPPDFA EDFASi GI G A P27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 141.   INTRODUCTION  - BASIC FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEM. en a sFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOElectromagnetic Spectrum Wavelength (m)105 104 103 102 101 100 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9106nn‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐tDesignationDesignationAudioVLF LF MFHFVHFUHFSHFMilimetric WavesFar InfraredInfraredVisibleUltravioleticationsicationsMRadiofrequency MicrowavesFiber‐Optic Comm1.7m ‐ 0.8miumiumAppliAppli   .Optical FiberWave‐guideCoaxialCu PairMediMedi103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016  101727 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 151.   INTRODUCTION  - BASIC FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMFrequency (Hz)FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOAVANTAGES OF FO COMMUNICATIONS    . .  Huge Capacity (Tb/s 1% of the carrier 100 THz)                Low attenuation (0.2 dB/km) in a wide freq. range (30 nm    – 4 THz) Reduced weight and dimensions. Isolator (dielectric medium) – electromagnetic i t f i itn er erences mmun y No diaphony (reduced radiation)T bili ( 55°C 125 °C) emperature sta ty  ‐  to    Flexible and robust (mechanically)( d d d ) Intrusions security  re uce  ra iation Potential reduced cost (SiO2 abundance)27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 161.   INTRODUCTION  - F.O. COM. ADVANTAGESFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCODRAWBACKS OF FO COMMUNICATIONS Transductors necessity E/O‐O/E    . .     Expensive devices (shared cost  Long‐Haul) Fiber splices complexity    Connectors complexity Tecnology unmaturity satellitest. optical communications (fiber & free-space) (microwave links)100 Km1000 Km10,000 Kmee TX disttwisted pairmobilecoaxial cablefixed wireless access1 Km10 Km eration-fre wireless LAN wireless1 Kb/ 1 Mb/ 1 Gb/ 1 Tb/10 m100 mRegene27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 171.   INTRODUCTION  - F.O. COM. ADVANTAGES s  s  s  sData RateFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCO5 FIBER‐OPTIC GENERATIONS   First Generation 70s Multi‐Mode Fiber (5dB/km) B i l i 1980 (45 Mb/ ) Limited by tt tiecame commerc a   n      s FP mm Laser AlGaAs at 850 nm, LED Bit rate 50 100 Mb/sa enua onearly 80s    ‐   Repeater distance 10 kmSi l M d Fib (0 5dB/k )Second Generation   ng e‐ o e  er  . m  Became commercial in 1987FP mm Laser InGaAsP at 1300 nmLimited by           Bit rate 100 Mb/s ‐ 1.7 Gb/sRepeater distance 50 km   attenuation27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 181.   INTRODUCTION  - 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.     FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOThird Generation 80s Single‐Mode Fiber (0.2dB/km) (DSF) B i l i 1990    Limited byecame commerc a   n  DFB sm Laser at 1310 nm  & 1550 nm Bit rate 2 5 Gb/s   attenuation    .   Repeater distance 100 km Semiconductor optical amplif. (SOA)h90s      Coherent SystemsSingle‐Mode Fiber (0.2dB/km) (DCF)Fourt  GenerationBecame commercial in 1996 (TPC‐5)DBR sm Laser at 1550 nmLimited by dispersion Capacity 1‐128 x 2.5‐10 Gb/s (WDM)Repeater distance 100 kmb d d f b l f ( )27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 191.   INTRODUCTION  - 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.Er ium‐ ope   i er amp i ier  EDFAFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOFifth Generation late 90s early 2000        –  Limited by Single‐Mode Fiber (0.2dB/km) (LEAF) B i l i 2007    NL & PMDecame commerc a   n   EC sm Lasers at 1550 nm VCSELs cheap lasers    Capacity 250 x 40 Gb/s (DWDM) Repeater distance 100 km 1e+165 Fiber-Optic System Generations      Advanced Modulations Raman Amplifiers1 +131e+141e+15km]1550 nm EDFA WDM1e+111e+12eL [bit/s · k850 nm MM fiber1300 nm SM fiberSM laserSolitons1970 1980 1990 2000 20101e+081e+091e+10BL27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 201.   INTRODUCTION  - 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.YearFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCONext Generation 2010     Single‐Mode Fiber (0.2dB/km) (PCF) Will B i l i 2015 2020Limited by NL & PMD  ecome commerc a   n   ‐ Broadband tunable Lasers Capacity N x 100 Gb/s (100G Ethernet)                Fiber‐to‐the Home (FTTH) Repeater distance 100 km      Advanced Modulations  Coherent Detection Broadband & distributed Amplification Digital Signal Processing (optical/electronic)27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 211.   INTRODUCTION  - 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCO27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 221.   INTRODUCTION  - 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOWDMWAVELENGTH DIVISIONMULTIPLEXING   8 channels x 10 Gb/s = 80 Gb/sTX    STM‐64 RX    STM‐64TX    STM‐64 RX    STM‐64TX    STM‐64 RX    STM‐64TX    STM‐64 RX    STM‐64TX    STM‐64 RX    STM‐64TX    STM‐64 RX    STM‐64TX    STM‐64 RX    STM‐64TX    STM‐64 RX    STM‐64TX    STM‐64 RX    STM‐64WDMTX    STM‐64TX    STM‐64TX    STM‐64UX UXRX    STM‐64RX    STM‐64RX    STM‐64TX    STM‐64TX    STM‐64TX STM‐64MUDMURX    STM‐64RX    STM‐64RX STM‐6427 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 231.   INTRODUCTION  - 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.    TX    STM‐64    RX    STM‐64FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOWDM transmission Bands10   60 nm60 nm60 nm30 nm65 nm25 nm75 nmdB/Km) 4 THz112136146153156162167tion(O E S C L Utenua1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 16000.11700attwavelength (nm)O – original C – conventional (erbium) L – long wavelength27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 241.   INTRODUCTION  - 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.E – extended S – short wavelength U – ultralong wavelengthFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOMain ImpairmentsCS BW Old Fiber PlantAttenuationGVD PMD L CrosstalkDispersionNL EffectsNoiseFil iSPM, Intra XPM. Intra FWM, ASE, Shot, Thermal, PhaseMUX OXC NL Crosstalk Inter XPM. Inter FWMter ng, attenuationchannel effectsnoisedi t tioptical fiber27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 251.   INTRODUCTION  - 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.s or onFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSystem CapacityTransmission Bandwidth #1 #2 #NspectrumChannel Spacing RbCapacity = Channels x Bit RateChannels = Bandwidth / Spacingfreq.R b s        Capacity = Bandwidth x Bit Rate / SpacingBCS  Hz  27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 261.   INTRODUCTION  - 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.Spectral EfficiencyFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSystem CapacityTerabit Transmissions  Decrease Channel SpacingExtend Spectral RangeIncrease Channel Bit‐rate200 GHz100 GHz50 GHz30 nm80 nm120 nm2.5 Gb/s10 Gb/s40 Gb/s25 GHz 150 nm 100 Gb/sStatus of commercial equipment (per fiber)Year 1995 Year 2000 Year 2005 Year 2010TDM line bit‐rate 2.5 Gb/s 2.5‐10 Gb/s 10‐40 Gb/s 10‐40‐100 Gb/sWDM channels 8 64‐128 128‐256 128‐256Channel Spacing 200 GHz 100‐50 GHz 50‐25 GHz 25 GHz27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 271.   INTRODUCTION  - 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.Overall Capacity 20 Gb/s 1 Tb/s 5 Tb/s 10 Tb/sFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOFIBER‐OPTIC LOCALIZATION Longh‐Haul (1000 km)Regional (100 km)Metropolitan (20 km) Access (10 km)27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 281.   INTRODUCTION  - F.O. LOCALIZATIONFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSPANISH SITUATION (CMT2005)79 %9 2 %Ownership  ?.  6.6 %5.2 %27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 291.   INTRODUCTION  - F.O. LOCALIZATIONFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSPANISH SITUATION (CMT2005)27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 301.   INTRODUCTION  - F.O. LOCALIZATIONFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSPANISH SITUATION (CMT2005)27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 311.   INTRODUCTION  - F.O. LOCALIZATIONFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSPANISH SITUATION (CMT2005)1 %3 6 %68.6 %25 %.  1.6 %27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 321.   INTRODUCTION  - F.O. LOCALIZATIONFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSPANISH SITUATION (CMT2005)27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 331.   INTRODUCTION  - F.O. LOCALIZATIONFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSPANISH SITUATION (CMT2005)27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 341.   INTRODUCTION  - F.O. LOCALIZATIONFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOR id i l S i R ies ent a   erv ce  equ rementsApplication Downstream UpstreamHDTV(3 h 20 Mb/ ) 60 Mb/s < 1 Mb/s per  ome at    sstandard TV  4.5 Mb/s     O li G i 2 20 Mb/ 2 20 Mb/n ne  am ng ‐   s ‐   sVoIP Telephone(3 per home at 100 Kb/s)0.3 Mb/s 0.3 Mb/s         Data / email ... 10 Mb/s 10 Mb/sDVD rental (download time < 10 minutes)14 Mb/s < 1 Mb/sTOTAL ~ 100 Mb/s ~ 30 Mb/s27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 351.   INTRODUCTION  - F.O. LOCALIZATION       FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOAPPENDIXCMT 2005 data27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 361.   INTRODUCTION  - APPENDIXFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSPANISH SITUATION (CMT2005)P ió 12%27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 371.   INTRODUCTION  - APPENDIXenetrac  FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSPANISH SITUATION (CMT2005)27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 381.   INTRODUCTION  - APPENDIXFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSPANISH SITUATION (CMT2005)27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 391.   INTRODUCTION  - APPENDIXFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSPANISH SITUATION (CMT2005)27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 401.   INTRODUCTION  - APPENDIXFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSPANISH SITUATION (CMT2005)27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 411.   INTRODUCTION  - APPENDIXFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSPANISH SITUATION (CMT2005)27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 421.   INTRODUCTION  - APPENDIXFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSPANISH SITUATION (CMT2005)27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 431.   INTRODUCTION  - APPENDIXFIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONSGCOSPANISH SITUATION (CMT2005)27 SEPTEMBER 2010 slide 441.   INTRODUCTION  - APPENDIX

Fiber-Optic Communications

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Fiber-Optic Communications

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