This commentary focuses on explaining the intuition of revelation, an issue that Chalmers (2018) raises in his paper. I first sketch how the truth of revelation provides an explanation for the intuition of revelation, and then assess a physicalist proposal to explain the intuition that appeals to Derk Pereboom’s (2011, 2016, 2019) qualitative inaccuracy hypothesis

Liu, Michelle

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1  EXPLAINING THE INTUITION OF REVELATION  Michelle Liu University of Hertfordshire y.liu43@herts.ac.uk  Abstract This commentary focuses on explaining the intuition of revelation, an issue that Chalmers (2018) raises in his paper. I first sketch how the truth of revelation provides an explanation for the intuition of revelation, and then assess a physicalist proposal to explain the intuition that appeals to Derk Pereboom’s (2011, 2016, 2019) qualitative inaccuracy hypothesis.    1. Introduction Recently, philosophers have appealed to revelation – the thesis that the essences of phenomenal properties are revealed in experience – to argue against physicalism (e.g. Goff 2017; Nida-Rümelin 2007). Revelation is often thought to be intuitive. Chalmers (2018: 25) himself notes that the intuition of revelation may be responsible for generating problem intuitions concerning consciousness, but that it ‘remains to provide an explanation of why we have the sense of … revelation’.  This paper addresses what explains the intuition of revelation. After clarifying revelation, I outline an explanation for the intuition of revelation that appeals to the truth of revelation. I then assess a physicalist proposal that draws on Pereboom’s (2011, 2016, 2019) qualitative inaccuracy hypothesis.   2. Revelation  In the literature, revelation has been given various formulations. Sometimes, it is formulated with respect to phenomenal concepts (Goff 2017; Nida-Rümelin 2007); 2  sometimes, with respect to introspection (Chalmers 2018: 25). But neither of these two philosophical notions is necessary in formulating revelation (Lewis 1995; Stoljar 2009; Liu 2019). The basic idea is that by having an experience with phenomenal property Q, we are in a position to know the nature or essence of Q.  We can understand knowledge of the essence of a property in terms of knowledge of some truth which captures, i.e. accurately describes, what the property is in its most core respects.1 For instance, in knowing the truth ‘being triangular is having a three-sided closed shape’, one knows the essence of the property of triangularity – what triangularity is in its most core respects. The predicate ‘having a three-sided closed shape’ captures the essence of triangularity.  Revelation can thus be understood as the claim that by having an experience-token with phenomenal property Q, one is in a position to know the truth ‘Q is X’, where the predicate ‘X’ captures the essence of Q. Note that we find ourselves devoid of words to describe the phenomenal characters of many experiences. If I attempt to define what phenomenal redness is, it might seem that all I can say is that ‘It is that’, using a demonstrative as a placeholder for my rich understanding of phenomenal redness which I cannot put into words. So, it seems that this essence-capturing truth ‘Q is X’, known through having an experience with Q according to revelation, may be hard to put into words.   Given the aforesaid, revelation can be formulated as consisting of the following two claims:  (i) By having an experience-token with phenomenal property Q, one is in a position to know de dicto that Q is X.  (ii)  ‘X’ captures the essence of Q.  1 ‘Capture’ here should not be taken just to mean ‘refer to, latch onto’; it is understood as ‘representing accurately in words or pictures’ (see Loar 1990). Phenomenal concept strategists such as Loar would say that phenomenal concepts ‘capture’, in the sense of referring to but not in the sense of representing accurately, physical/functional properties. Such physicalists would reject revelation.  3  Revelation thus formulated is incompatible with standard versions of physicalism (see Liu 2019). According to standard physicalism, phenomenal properties are physical/functional properties with physical/functional essences, and the essence-capturing truth ‘Q is X’ is some physical/functional truth where the predicate ‘X’ is a physical/functional predicate, e.g. ‘Q is being an event of C-fibres firing’. But in having an experience with phenomenal property Q, we are certainly not in a position to know such a truth ‘Q is X’ where ‘X’ is a physical/functional predicate. So, given revelation, standard versions of physicalism are false.   3. Explaining the Intuition of Revelation  Revelation is often thought of as intuitive by philosophers including Chalmers (2018:  25) and, notably, many physicalists (e.g. Lewis 1995; McLaughlin 2003; Hill 2014). One might think that the intuition of revelation – the fact that we believe/judge or are disposed to believe/judge revelation to be true – provides prima facie support for the truth of revelation, which figures as the crucial premise in an argument against physicalism. A physicalist might then want to explain away the intuition of revelation, explaining it in a way that does not appeal to the truth of revelation, and subsequently undermining the support it lends to revelation. Given our formulation of revelation, such a physicalist would have to explain why we judge or are disposed to judge the following claims to be correct (although, on the physicalist’s own account, they are not both true):  (i) By having an experience with phenomenal property Q, one is in a position to know de dicto that Q is X.  (ii) ‘X’ captures the essence of Q.   Before I turn to a particular physicalist strategy for explaining away the intuition of revelation, let me show how the truth of revelation features in one possible explanation for the intuition of revelation.  4  If revelation is true, then phenomenal property Q manifests its essence – captured by the predicate ‘X’ – to the subject when the subject has an experience with Q. We can think of this manifestation as a kind of accurate phenomenal appearance of phenomenal properties – in having an experience with Q, it phenomenally appears to the subject that Q is X, where ‘X’ captures what it is like for a subject to have an experience with Q.2 Phenomenal appearances, which are experiences, are distinguished from epistemic appearances, which are beliefs, though the two are often intimately linked (Chisholm 1957). Our beliefs are often reasonable responses to our experiences. We can say that upon having an experience in which it phenomenally appears that Q is X, the subject is rationally disposed to judge that Q is X and, in normal circumstances, this judgement constitutes knowledge.  So, our having experiences of which revelation is true, together with our possessing the relevant concepts, i.e. concepts of experience, phenomenal properties, and knowledge, explains our actually making or being disposed to make, not only judgements of the form ‘Q is X’, but also (and crucially for present purposes) judgements of the form (i). The fact that experience does not present Q as anything else but X, together with our possessing the concept of essence, explains why we would judge or be disposed to judge (ii).   4. Introspective Inaccuracy  A physicalist explanation for the intuition of revelation cannot appeal to the truth of revelation but it might appeal to Pereboom’s (2011, 2016, 2019) qualitative inaccuracy hypothesis (QIH), which Chalmers (2018: 25) also mentions. Pereboom (2011: 14) thinks that introspective representation might be inaccurate in the sense that introspection systematically ‘represents phenomenal properties as having qualitative natures they do not in fact have’ (see also 2016, 2019). By ‘qualitative natures of  2  This accurate phenomenal appearance is not a separate experience distinct from the experience with Q.  5  phenomenal properties’, Pereboom (2016: 173) means ‘the what-it’s-like features of sensory states’ which, he says, are ‘illusory in that they don’t exist’. As I read Pereboom, he allows an experience to have a so-called ‘phenomenal’ property Q, but does not allow that Q is a what-it-is-like property, nor that Q has what-it-is-like features (which might be captured by ‘X’). A physicalist who wants to explain away the intuition of revelation might appeal to Pereboom’s QIH and say, first, that this systematic introspective misrepresentation of Q as having the what-it-is-like features X explains why we judge or are disposed to judge (i); and, second, that since introspection does not represent Q as anything else but X, we also judge or are disposed to judge (ii). As it stands, QIH is unclear because there are two ways to understand the notion of ‘introspective representation’ (see Stoljar 2013; Kammerer 2018). One is to say that an introspective representation is a belief, understood as ‘epistemic appearance’. To say that introspection represents Q as X is to say that the subject introspectively believes/judges that Q is X. Call this version of QIH ‘QIH-ep’. Alternatively, an introspective representation is an experience, understood as ‘phenomenal appearance’. To say that introspection represents Q as X is to say that it phenomenally appears that Q is X. Call this version of QIH ‘QIH-ph’. I shall argue that neither version of QIH both seems plausible and explains the intuition of revelation.     4.1. QIH-ep An experience e has a phenomenal property Q which, in reality, has a physical nature and no what-it-is-like features captured by ‘X’. The subject of experience falsely believes that Q is X. But experiencing Q as X and believing Q to be X are, intuitively, phenomenologically distinct. QIH-ep counterintuitively entails that we are not in a position to make such a distinction from the inside (Stoljar 2013: 748). On QIH-ep, although we think that there is an experience in which Q is presented as X, there is 6  only the false belief that Q is X. So, there is at least a question mark against the plausibility of QIH-ep. QIH-ep also does not seem to explain why we (are disposed to) judge (i):  (i) By having an experience with phenomenal property Q, one is in a position to know de dicto that Q is X (where ‘X’ captures what-it-is-like features). The intuition of (i) cannot be explained by appeal to – borrowing terminology from Hill (1991: 128) – subjects’ errors of ignorance about their own experiences (i.e. ‘when beliefs are based on [phenomenal] appearances that fail to do justice to the entities to which the beliefs refer’), because on QIH-ep there is simply no experience in which Q phenomenally appears to be X – there is just the experience e with Q, which does not have what-it-is-like features, and the belief that Q is X.  Nor can the intuition of (i) be explained by appeal to – borrowing another term from Hill (ibid.) – errors of judgement arising from inattention or expectation. No amount of attention would bring the subject closer to the true (physical) nature of Q if that nature is hidden. A subject cannot possibly expect Q to be X without possessing the phenomenal concept expressed by the predicate ‘X’, and possession of such a concept usually depends on having had an experience whose phenomenal property has those what-it-is-like features.3  4.2. QIH-ph Pereboom (2011, 2016, 2019) himself prefers to understand introspective representations as experiences, and to explain the false belief that Q is X on the basis of false (phenomenal) appearances:   3 This point does not rely on a general principle that, for every concept C, possession of C requires acquaintance with cases that fall under C. It is not arbitrary to suppose that recognitional concepts of what-it-is-like features may be somewhat distinctive in this respect. 7  The open possibility I am envisioning [QIH] would have us making errors of ignorance in our introspection-based beliefs about phenomenal properties, since such beliefs would be based on appearances that fail to do justice to the real qualitative nature of those properties. (Pereboom 2011: 22, fn33).  Suppose I have an experience e1 with phenomenal property Q which has a physical nature. On QIH-ph, it is an illusion that Q has what-it-is-like features X. This illusion involves a separate but simultaneous second-order experience, e2, (mis)representing Q as having what-it-is-like features X, and mediating between e1 and the introspective belief that Q is X. Now, since e2 is an experience, it has a phenomenal property Q’, but Q’, like e1’s property Q, lacks what-it-is-like features. Given that there is nothing it is like for the subject to have experience e2, one might wonder whether e2’s misrepresentation of Q is sufficient to create the illusion that Q has what-it-is-like features X. Furthermore, Q’, like Q, also seems to have what-it-is-like features, and this, too, must be an illusion on QIH-ph and needs to be accounted for. In response, Pereboom (2016: 177–8; see also 2011: 27–8) suggests, or at least allows, a further layer of introspective misrepresentation, an experience e3 which represents Q’ as having what-it-is-like features (X’, say). That is, experience e3 represents there being something it is like for the subject, for e2 to represent e1’s property Q as having what-it-is-like features. If the illusion that Q is X (on which the false belief that Q is X is to be based) actually requires e3, in addition to e2, then it may seem that the requirement will iterate, leading to a regress of introspective misrepresentations. But Pereboom denies that QIH-ph generates such a regress: ‘[a]t some level, I form only a belief, without distinctive phenomenology, that I am representing a mental state’ (2016: 178). Suppose that, with e1, e2 and e3 in place, the subject judges that Q is X. How can that judgement, and the resulting belief, be based on the illusion that Q is X if there is nothing it is like for the subject to have the three experiences that are supposed to create the illusion? 8  Perhaps it will be suggested that the judgement that Q is X is enabled by a false belief that there is something it is like to have experience e3, or that e3’s property Q’’ has what-it-is-like features X’’. But it would remain to explain how the belief that Q’’ is X’’ figures in the aetiology of the belief that Q is X. And we should need an account – avoiding the problems that face QIH-ep – of how the false belief that Q’’ is X’’ arises without a corresponding experiential misrepresentation.4 In short, it is unclear that QIH-ph can explain intuition (i). Also, there is a question mark against the plausibility of QIH-ph because the model of introspection it assumes is controversial (e.g. Stoljar 2013: 748). Furthermore, Pereboom himself seems rather cautious about his illusionist proposal and acknowledges that it ‘resists imaginative conception’ (2019: 192). A friend of revelation would surely insist that the truth of revelation offers a much better explanation for the intuition of revelation.   5. Conclusion  Recall the two components of revelation:  (i) By having an experience with phenomenal property Q, one is in a position to know de dicto that Q is X.  (ii)  ‘X’ captures the essence of Q.   Understood a certain way, (i) seems compelling regardless of whether revelation is true: by having an experience with quale Q, one is in a position to know that Q is X, where ‘X’ captures the what-it-is-like features of Q (though this might be hard to put into words). The truth of revelation, as we saw, offers a straightforward explanation for the intuition of (i). Given (i) thus understood, my position is that there is more reason to motivate the claim that the essence of Q is revealed in experience, hence (ii),  4 It was suggested to me that the belief that Q’’ is X’’ could be explained by appealing to expectations: since we have already believed Q to be X, and Q’ to be X’, we might also expect Q’’ to be X’’. But if the ground-level illusion and belief that Q is X are causally posterior to the third-level belief that Q’’ is X’’, then perhaps an expectation account of how the third-level belief arises is not so plausible. 9  than to argue that it is hidden. But some physicalists would of course disagree and deny (ii) in spite of agreeing to (i) where ‘X’ captures the what-it-is-like features of Q.  Illusionists, Pereboom included, take a more radical approach. They maintain that (i) (where ‘X’ captures the what-it-is-like features of Q) is in fact erroneous. But the denial of (i) thus understood is highly counterintuitive. Illusionists need to explain the intuition of (i) in a way that does not make their proposal unclear or implausible.5 They need to explain why the belief/judgement that Q is X arises and then extend this core explanation to account for the intuition of revelation and, specifically, for our disposition to believe (i). If such a physicalist explanation is wanting, then plausibly the truth of revelation provides the best explanation and given inference to the best explanation, revelation is indeed true.6    References Chalmers, D. (2018) ‘The Meta-Problem of Consciousness’, Journal of Conscious Studies 25(9-10): 6-61.  Chisholm, R. (1957) Perceiving: A Philosophical Study, Cornell University Press. Goff, P. (2017) Consciousness and Fundamental Reality, OUP.  Hill, C. (1991) Sensations: A Defense of Type Materialism, Cambridge University Press. ——— (2014) Meaning, Mind, and Knowledge, OUP.  Kammerer, F. (2018) ‘Can You Believe it? Illusionism and the Illusion Meta-Problem’, Philosophical Psychology 31(1): 44-67.   5 For instance, Kammerer’s (2019) proposal which appeals to putative principles of our naïve theory of mind may be taken as a putative explanation for the intuition of revelation, and should thus be assessed on another occasion. 6 Thanks to Martin Davies and François Kammerer for their valuable comments.  10  ——— (2019) ‘The Illusion of Conscious Experience’, Synthese, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-018-02071-y. Lewis, D. (1995) ‘Should a Materialist Believe in Qualia?’, Australasian Journal of Philosophy 73(1): 140-144. Liu. M. (2019) ‘Phenomenal Experience and the Thesis of Revelation’, in D. Shottenkirk, M. Curado, and S. Gouveia (eds.), Perception, Cognition and Aesthetics, Routledge, pp. 227-251. Loar, B. (1990) ‘Phenomenal States’, Philosophical Perspectives 4: 81–108.  McLaughlin, B. (2003) ‘Color, Consciousness, and Color Consciousness’, in Q. Smith and A. Jokic (eds.) Consciousness: New Philosophical Perspectives, OUP, pp. 97-154. Nida-Rümelin, M. (2007) ‘Grasping Phenomenal Properties’, in T. Alter and S. Walter (eds.), Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism, Oxford: OUP, pp. 307-36. Pereboom, D. (2011) Consciousness and the Prospects of Physicalism, OUP. ——— (2016) ‘Illusionism and Anti-Functionalism about Phenomenal Consciousness’, Journal of Consciousness Studies 23(11-12): 172-85.  ——— (2019) ‘Russellian Monism, Introspective Inaccuracy, and the Illusion Meta-Problem of Consciousness’, Journal of Consciousness Studies 26(9-10): 182-93.  Stoljar, D. (2009) ‘The Argument from Revelation’, in D. Braddon-Mitchell & R. Nola (eds.), Conceptual Analysis and Philosophical Naturalism (2009), MIT Press, pp. 113-138.  ——— (2013) ‘Qualitative Inaccuracy and Unconceived Alternatives’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 86(3): 745-752.  

Explaining the Intuition of Revelation

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Explaining the Intuition of Revelation

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