The paper is replaced by a new version (12-2019):  DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3572846
          
          Physical phenomena emerge from the quantum fields everywhere in space. However, not only the phenomena emerge from the quantum fields, the law of the conservation of energy must have its origin from the same spatial structure. This paper describes the relations between the main law of physics and the mathematical structure of the “aggregated” quantum fields

Grimm, Henk

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IntroductionThe  law  of  the  conservation  of  energy is  the main  law  in  physics.  Its  existence  originates upon the phenomenological view of reality: the local addition and subtracting of energy in rela-tion to the alterations of observable phenomena. This point of view presupposes a fundamental difference between the phenomena and the sur-roundings  of  the  phenomena  in  the  universe.Modern physics has abandoned this concept of reality. Quantum field theory [1] has replaced the phenomenological view and all the phenomena are thought to emerge from the distinct primary quantum fields.  Fields  that  are  existent  every-where in the universe. Albeit not all the distinct phenomena  have  a  consistent  theoretical  de-scription in quantum field theory. For example gravity.Quantum reality is  far  more  complicated  than reality by the phenomenological view, because the latter is a simplification of quantum reality. Therefore,  it  is  natural  that  we  use  the  phe-nomenological  view  to  calculate  macroscopic phenomena.It is not possible to calculate all the alterations between  the  distinct  quantum  fields  within  a macroscopic volume of space. Even the calcula-tions  of all  the alterations during a very short time within a volume that encloses a hydrogen atom is  impossible  without  implementing  em-piric data.Notwithstanding the fact that the law of the con-servation of  energy  originates  from the pheno-menological point of view, the conservation of energy must be consistent in quantum field the-ory too.However, the concept of quantum field theory is not  restricted  to  the  observable  phenomena within the quantum fields.  Because these phe-nomena  represent  only  partly  all  the  existing quanta  in  the  universe  because  everywhere  in space there is a transfer of quanta. Phenomena like particles  are just  concentrations of quanta that  have  only  partly  independent  properties during a limited period of time.We cannot postulate the conservation of energy between volumes of space – in fact volumes of enclosed quantum fields  – with the same size and shape. It is clear that there is an energy dif-ference between 1m3 of the volume inside our sun and 1 m3 somewhere in a void between the galaxies. So the question is: “What about the mechanism behind  the  conservation  of  energy,  caused  by  the structure of the quantum fields?”The Planck-Einstein relationThe only phenomenon that’s observable every-where  in  the  universe  is  the  electromagnetic wave. Thus if  we want to discover a “gleam” of the basic structure of the quantum fields within the frame of reference of modern physics we have to examine electromagnetic waves, travelling in space.Page 1Quanta transfer in space is conservedHenk Grimm (S.E.)gemachtigde@gmail.comPhysical phenomena emerge from the quantum fields everywhere in space. However, not only the phenomena emerge from the quantum fields, the law of the conservation of en-ergy must have its origin from the same spatial structure. This paper describes the rela-tions between the main law of physics and the mathematical structure of the “aggregated” quantum fields.The properties of electromagnetic waves – as a stream of single quanta – are described by the Planck-Einstein relation:E = h v = h cλ [h = Planck's constant; v = frequency; l = wave length; c = speed of light]The  equation  is  really  remarkable  because nearly every quantity is a constant. The only ex-ception is the wave length.Unfortunately,  an  equation  with  all  constants and only 1 exception – a property that is a vari-able  –  is  logically inconceivable.  Why should the  universe  make  a  difference  between  the nature  of  properties  that  are  100% related  to each other? All are constants and one is a vari-able? They all emerge from the interactions between the  basic  structure  of  the  distinct  quantum fields, so why are some properties constants and other variables?Why isn't the wave length a constant? Probably because it was not customary to imagine that the curvature of space – Einstein's theory of general relativity – can have a constant that determines length.  However,  the  wavelength  of  electro-magnetic waves is enormous in relation to the smallest elementary particles so there is no “em-piric” argument to reject an invariant basic wave length.Of course, the mutual interactions between local macroscopic  phenomena  show  all  the  charac-teristics  of  curved  space-time  as  described  by Einstein's  theory  of  general  relativity.  That's why  in  the  past  the  physics  text  books  have taught us that Einstein's space-time is the under-lying fabric of the universe, perfect in line with the observations. This in contrast to the axioms of Isaac Newton about  absolute  space  and   absolute   time.  But that's just a believe. There is any proof to sup-port  this opinion. Because without phenomena there  is  still  the  structure  of  the  creating quantum fields. And what's beyond.The Planck-Einstein relation shows the determ-ination of the energy by the wave length. There-fore, we can express the size of the wave length with the help of a new constant:l = n l[n = integer (variable);  l = standard length] So l is a constant and named “standard length” in this paper (the underline is used to show the difference). Now we can rewrite the equation of the Planck-Einstein relation:E = h v = h cn λThe revised equation shows that  energy is  in-versely proportional to the number of standard lengths by which a single quantum is transferred (the outcome is equal to the unmodified equa-tion).The spatial structure of quantum fieldsSuppose we increase the energy of the electro-magnetic wave. The result is a decrease of the number of standard lengths between the begin-ning  and  the  end  of  1  electromagnetic  wave-form. The limit is  n = 1  l, but because of the nature  of  electromagnetic  waves  1  n must  be half the size of the electromagnetic wave length.However, what is represented by the size of one standard length? When we think it over we have to conclude that the standard length is a prop-erty  of  the  structure  of  the  creating  quantum fields. Moreover, the equation makes no differ-ence in relation to the direction of the transfer of quanta in space. In other words, the standard length  l must be the representation of the size of a spatial unity that forms the basic (aggregated) structure of the quantum fields, like the bubbles in a foam. See Page 2the schematic figure below with the help of easy to draw cubes.This schematic image cannot be a surprise, be-cause quantum fields must have a spatial struc-ture. The only difficulty is the relation between “the foam” of the universe and Einstein’s curved space-time. However, the cause of the difference is the mag-nitude of the observed phenomena. General re-lativity describes  the mutual relations  between macroscopic phenomena and quantum field the-ory describes the structure that is responsible for the  emerging  of  the  phenomena  in  space  and time.Because electromagnetic waves are everywhere in  our  universe  we  have  to  accept  that  the bubbles tessellate space, like the image above. So every volume in space consist of one or a multiple of the spatial unity that forms the basic structure of the quantum fields. Mathematically spoken, this unity is the element of a mathemat  -ical set. However, because this mathematical set envelopes everything in the universe, it must be the all-inclusive set that represents the universe. Now it is only a small step to conclude that all the spatial unities together form the main struc-ture of  the quantum fields in  our  universe.  In other words: the unities form a mathematical set with  topological properties.  However,  one  or more properties of the elements have to be vari-ant,  otherwise our universe exists  without any alteration. So every element is a topological ob-ject that represents a homeomorphism.The  element  of  the  mathematical  set  gets  the character  "e".  So  every  volume  (V)  in  the universe represents:V = n e[n = integer (variable); e = element]Importing the standard length in the Planck-Ein-stein relation has consequences. The alterations within  the  vector  part of  the  basic  quantum fields  –  between  the  adjacent  bubbles  of  the  foam – are restricted to the exchange of Planck’s constant (the  scalar part of the structure of the elements is not involved in this rough concept of reality).Quantum timeThe transfer of Planck’s constant between adja-cent elements of the all-inclusive set – actually the  transfer  of  topological  deformation  within the  mathematical  set  –  has  a  certain  duration: length divided by velocity. Length (l) and velo-city (c) are constants, thus time must be a con-stant too. So T (duration) becomes a multiple of t (underlined  to  indicate  the  status  as  a  con-stant): T = n t[T = time (period);  n = integer  (variable);  t = constant of time]In fact, the transfer of quanta within the basic structure  of  the  quantum  fields  is  impossible without a constant velocity. Because the conse-quence of a  variable velocity is a variable ex-change  of  energy,  so  there  couldn’t  exist  a quantum of  energy like  Planck’s  constant  and there couldn’t exist a constant speed of light. Conclusion:  the  velocity  of  the  transfer  of  a single quantum is independent from the velocity – and the direction – of a transferred concentra-Page 3tion of quanta from which the single quantum originate. The “force” that is responsible for the exchange of  quanta  between the  elements  that  form the basic structure of the quantum fields is a prop-erty of every spatial unity (element). However, this  property  of  alteration  must  be  a  constant too.  Because  we  cannot  deform  topological objects that tessellate space without an identical property of all the elements that is responsible for the alterations between the elements.Moreover, we have to accept that there is no to-pological deformation without a fluent transfer of an invariant property of every single element. Thus  “quanta”  are  emerging  from  the  syn-chronized mutual alterations of the elements of the all-inclusive set.If  the  structure  of  the quantum fields  is  com-posed  by elements  that  only  can  transfer  one quantum (h) with the same velocity (c) during the same time (t) we have to conclude that all the quanta transfer in the universe is conserved.That means that identical volumes – irrespective of their position in the universe – have the same amount of single quanta transfer during iden-1]tical periods of time. Thus the transfer of quanta in space is a constant and is correlated too (the transformations  are  non-local  because  the  ele-ments tessellate space. Finally, it shows that the conservation of energy cannot be a law of nature. It emerges from the properties  of  the  elements  of  the  all-inclusive set: the basic structure of the quantum fields.Relative time“How can relative  time emerge from the  con-stant of time?”When  we  accelerate  a  space  rocket  –  or  a particle – we change the ratio of the internal al-terations, because of the conservation of quanta transfer in the universe.Thus  when  a  phenomenon  moves  nearly with the speed of light most of the quanta transfer by the involved elements is “consumed” to enable this high velocity. Only a small part of the in-volved  quanta  transfer  is  available  for  the  in-ternal  alterations  within  the  boundary  of  the particle. This is the cause behind the twin paradox.Page 4ReferencesThis paper don’t have references because the described concept is the result of theoretical research  to describe reality with the help of the foundations of mathematics (a bottom-up approach). The  website https://www.ephys.blogspot.  nl is addressed to clarify the origin of the concept.However, to make the contents of this paper understandable for everyone, most concepts have a  link to the description – and the underlying sources – in Wikipedia.

Quanta transfer in space is conserved

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Quanta transfer in space is conserved

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