The types of wound dressing will affect wound healing processes. The membrane is one of the potential wound dressing that can maintain the moisture of the wound surface. The eel extract as an active ingredient could be added to the membrane formula to accelerate wound healing. This study aimed to formulate eel (Monopterus albus) extract membranes for wound dressing using some plasticizers. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 146,000 was used as the polymer, while glycerol, propylene glycol,and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 were used as the plasticizers. Methylparaben and propylparaben were added as preservatives. Evaluations included thickness, water vapor permeability, and mechanical properties of the membranes that consisted oftensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus were performed. The result showed that the use of different types of plasticizers affected the mechanical properties of the eel extract membrane. The formula that used glycerol as the plasticizer produced membranes with the best water vapor permeability and mechanical properties

Febriyenti, Febriyenti

Khalidazia, Khalidazia

Nofita, Rahmi

English

The types of wound dressing will affect wound healing processes. The membrane is one of the potential wound

dressing that can maintain the moisture of the wound surface. The eel extract as an active ingredient could be added to the membrane formula to accelerate wound healing. This study aimed to formulate eel (Monopterus albus) extract membranes for wound dressing using some plasticizers. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 146,000 was used as the polymer, while glycerol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 were used as the plasticizers. Methylparaben and propylparaben were added as preservatives. Evaluations included thickness, water vapor permeability, and mechanical properties of the membranes that consisted of tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus were performed. The result showed that the use of different types of plasticizers affected the mechanical properties of the eel extract membrane. The formula that used glycerol as the plasticizer produced membranes with the best water vapor permeability and mechanical propertie

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1Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis p-ISSN: 2407-7062 | e-ISSN: 2442-5435  homepage: http://jsfk.ffarmasi.unand.ac.idORIGINAL ARTICLE J Sains Farm Klin 7(1):1–4 (April 2020) | DOI: 10.25077/jsfk.7.1.1-4.2020IntroductionThe treatment of  wound in the past was carried out by allowing the wound to dry and form a hard layer, which would then peel off  by itself. However, over the advancement in science and technology, the treatment of  the wound has changed. It is known that the wound heal more rapidly if  the moist is covering the wound as the wound dressing. Traditionally, gauzes made of  cotton were used as wound dressings. There are some types of  wound dressings such as hydrocolloid, hydrogel, foam, and semi-permeable adhesive membrane [1,2]. The membrane is a preferable one because it is transparent thus easy to observe the level of  healing, comfortable to use on the elbows and knees because it is elastic and not easily torn. In addition, membranes are also permeable to oxygen and water vapor to allow skin respiration [2,3].  Membranes are pharmaceutical preparations that have thicknesses between micrometers to millimeters andmade by various methods using one or more polymers. Polymers are the main ingredient of  the membrane. Meanwhile, plasticizer is usually added to form elastic and flexible membranes. The plasticizer can reduce intermolecular forces and increase the flexibility of  membranes by widening the space of  molecules and weakening the hydrogen bonds of  polymer chains. The amount of  plasticizer used can affect the mechanical properties of  the membrane. In a previous study [4], the honey membrane was formulated with glycerol, polyethylene glycol, and propylene glycol as plasticizers, which are from poly alcohol groups [5,6]. Membranes with a homogeneous polymeric bonding structure are used to treat damaged skin areas and generally protect injured areas from external factors [7,8]. Aside from being wound dressing, the membrane can also function to help wound healing with the presence of  active ingredients contained in the membrane. Several previous studies showed that natural ingredients were added as active substances into the membrane formula such as chitosan [9], haruan (Channa striatus) extract [10], and honey [4].Eels are Pisces class animals that contain many ingredients useful for humans. These include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The content of  arachidonic acid and DHA in an eel body is 8.25 and 6.21 g per 100 g fat, respectively [11]. Based on a previous study by Febriyenti et al. [12], the fatty acid composition of  eel extracts was dominated by oleic acid (19.7%), palmitic acid (18.7%), pentadecanoic acid (15.81%) and octadecanoic acid (4.87%). Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids play an important role in the wound healing process. Omega-3 Article historyReceived: 26 Des 2019Accepted: 2 April 2020Published: 30 April 2020Access this articleFormulation of Eel (Monopterus albus) extract membranes for wound dressing using plasticizers   Febriyenti*, Rahmi Nofita, & KhalidaziaFaculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Limau Manis Pauh, Padang City, West Sumatera, 25163ABSTRACT: The types of wound dressing will affect wound healing processes. The membrane is one of the potential wound dressing that can maintain the moisture of the wound surface. The eel extract as an active ingredient could be added to the membrane formula to accelerate wound healing. This study aimed to formulate eel (Monopterus albus) extract membranes for wound dressing using some plasticizers. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 146,000 was used as the polymer, while glycerol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 were used as the plasticizers. Methylparaben and propylparaben were added as preservatives. Evaluations included thickness, water vapor permeability, and mechanical properties of the membranes that consisted of tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus were performed. The result showed that the use of different types of plasticizers affected the mechanical properties of the eel extract membrane. The formula that used glycerol as the plasticizer produced membranes with the best water vapor permeability and mechanical properties.Keywords: eel; Monopterus albus; extract; membrane; wound dressing; plasticizer.*Corresponding Author: FebriyentiFaculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Limau Manis Pauh, Padang City, West Sumatera, 25163| Email: febriyenti@phar.unand.ac.idJurnal  Sa ins  Farmasi  & K l in is  |  Vol .  07 No.  01 |  Apr i l  20202Formulat ion of  ee l  (Monopterus  a lbus)  extract  membranes. . .                                                          Febr iyent i  et .  a l .fatty acids act as anti-inflammatory agents that work to inhibit eicosanoid production [13]. Therefore, eels can be used as additional nutrients to accelerate the wound healing process. The present study aimed to formulate the eel extract membrane with a variety of  plasticizers in order to evaluate the effect of  the type of  plasticizers on thickness, permeability, and mechanical properties of  the membranes.Materials and Methods MaterialsEels were purchased from Bukittinggi, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Eel extract was prepared, according to Febriyenti et al. [12]. PVA 146,000 was bought from VWR International, Belgium. Glycerol, propylene glycol, PEG 400, methylparaben, and propylparaben were acquired from R&M Chemicals, UK. Distilled water was purchased from Bratachem, Indonesia. All chemicals were used without further purification.Preparations of  Eels Extract MembranesPVA was prepared by the hot mechanical method [4,14,15]. PVA was dissolved in hot distilled water. Eel extract, methylparaben, propylparaben were dispersed in glycerol, propylene glycol or PEG 400, and then mixed with PVA solution using Ultra turrax at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes [4,16,17]. The formulae can be seen in Table 1. Furthermore, the membrane was prepared using casting techniques. Some of  the liquid membrane formulae were poured into the glass mold (size 20 cm x 20 cm), then allowed to dry at room temperature for approximately 24 hours [4,10,18].Membrane ThicknessThe membrane thicknesses were measured based on the method in previous studies [4,10,19,20] by using a micrometer (Digimatic micrometer, Mitutoyo, Tokyo, Japan).Water Vapor Permeability of  The MembraneThe rates of  water vapor permeability of  the membrane were determined using the method described in USP XXIV [21]. The method was also used in previous studies [4,10]. Mechanical Properties MeasurementsThe mechanical properties of  the membrane were measured using the same method of  previous studies [4,10,22]. A texture analyzer (TA.XT2, Stable Micro System, Haslemere, Surrey, UK) was used to determine Table 2. Thickness and water vapor permeability of  eel extract membranesFormula Thickness (mm) Water vapor permeability (mg/L/day)F1 0.047b ± 0.005 1981b ± 205F2 0.043a ± 0.001   995a ± 328F3 0.043a ± 0.002   631a ± 109Table 1. Formulae of  eel (Monopterus albus) extract membraneIngredientsFormula (%)F1 F2 F3Eels extract 10 10 10PVA 10 10 10Glycerol 3 - -Propylene glycol - 3 -PEG 400 - - 3Methylparaben 0.1 0.1 0.1Propylparaben 0.02 0.02 0.02Distilled water up to 100 100 100Formulat ion of  ee l  (Monopterus  a lbus)  extract  membranes. . .                                                          Febr iyent i  et .  a l .3Jurnal  Sa ins  Farmasi  & K l in is  |  Vol .  07 No.  01 |  Apr i l  2020tensile strength value and elongation at the break of  the membrane. Young’s Modulus (E) was calculated using the equation in Martin et al. [23].Statistical AnalysisThe data were presented as mean ± SD and analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of  variance (ANOVA) to compare the results using SPSS software (version 15, USA). Post-hoc Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (Tukey-HSD) test was applied when there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) [9,24].Results and Discussion The eel extract membranes formulated in this study function as a wound dressing to keep the wound moist and prevent secondary infection by microorganisms. Membranes have several advantages, including being transparent and permeable to water vapor, allowing the skin tissue respiration. Membranes are also comfortable to use on elbows and knees because they are elastic and not easily torn [1-3]. Based on the previous study [4], PVA is the best polymer that could produce a transparent membrane. Herein, PVA was used as a polymer to form the eel extract membrane. Meanwhile, glycerol, propylene glycol, and PEG 400 were used as plasticizers.Results of  membrane thickness and water vapor permeability tests are tabulated in Table 2. The formula that used glycerol as the plasticizer had a significantly different membrane thickness than the other formula. Different types of  plasticizers are reported to affect the thickness and mechanical properties of  the membrane [4,10]. The ideal wound dressing has to be permeable to water vapor that could control the moisture on the surface of  the wound [1,3]. According to USP XXIV [21], materials or membranes with water vapor permeability more than 2000 mg/L/day are categorized as permeable. The results in Table 2 show that F1 was the only formula that had water vapor permeability close to 2000 mg/L/day. The ideal wound dressing should be sturdy but pliable and elastic [9,25,26]. When a wound dressing is applied to the wound, it should not be easily separated and damaged. The results of  mechanical properties in Table 3 show that all formulae have good tensile strength and elongation, but F1 has a better Young’s modulus value.ConclusionThis study concludes that the formula F1 that uses glycerol as a plasticizer produced membranes with good water vapor permeability and mechanical properties.References[1].  dos Santos KSCR, Coelho JFJ, Ferreira P, Pinto I, Lorenzetti SG, Ferreira EI, et al. Synthesis and characterization of membranes obtained by graft copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and acrylic acid onto chitosan. Int J Pharm. 2006;310(1–2):37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.11.019  [2].  Boateng JS, Matthews KH, Stevens HNE, Eccleston GM. Wound Healing Dressings and Drug Delivery Systems: A Review. J Pharm Sci. 2008;97(8):2892–923. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.21210 [3].  Cockbill, S. M. E. (Ed.) 2007 Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology (Third edition ed., Vols. 2). New York: Informa Healthcare. 1023–37.[4].  Febriyenti, Fitria N, Mohtar N, Umar S, Noviza D, Rineldi S, et al. Honey gel and film for burn wound. Int J Drug Deliv. 2014;6(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.5138/ijdd.v6i1.1308 [5].  Cervera MF, Heinämäki J, Krogars K, Jörgensen AC, Karjalainen M, Colarte AI, et al. Solid-state and mechanical properties of aqueous chitosan-amylose starch films plasticized with polyols. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2004;5(1):109–14. https://doi.org/10.1208/pt050115 [6].  Suppakul, P. Plasticizer and Relative Humidity Effects on Mechanical Properties of Cassava Flour Films. Kasetsart University, Bangkok; 2006.[7]. Verma S, Kumar S, Gokhale R, Burgess DJ. Physical stability of nanosuspensions: Investigation of the role of stabilizers on Ostwald ripening. Int J Pharm. 2011;406(1–2):145–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.027  [8].  Stashak TS, Farstvedt E, Othic A. Update on wound dressings: Indications and best use. Clin Tech Equine Pract. 2004;3(2):148–63. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ctep.2004.08.006  [9]. Peh K, Khan T, Ch’ng H. Mechanical, bioadhesive strength and biological evaluations of chitosan films for wound dressing. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2000;3(3):303–11.  [10].  Febriyenti, Noor AM, Baie SBB. Mechanical properties and water vapour permeability of film from Haruan (Channa striatus) and Fusidic acid spray for wound dressing and wound healing. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2010;23(2):155-9. Table 3. Formulae of  eel (Monopterus albus) extract membraneIngredientsFormula (%)Tensile strength (N/mm2) Elongation at break (%) Young’s modulus (N/mm2)F1 25.96a ± 0.91 256a ± 23.2 10.20b ± 1.31F2 26.02a ± 0.37 315b ±   9.2   8.26a ± 0.14F3 24.70a ± 1.02 313b ± 15.9   7.89a ± 0.59Formulat ion of  ee l  (Monopterus  a lbus)  extract  membranes. . .                                                          Febr iyent i  et .  a l .Jurnal  Sa ins  Farmasi  & K l in is  |  Vol .  07 No.  01 |  Apr i l  20204Copyright © 2020 The author(s). You are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially) under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use; ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)[11]. Razak ZKA, Basri M, Dzulkefly K, Razak CNA, Salleh AB. Extraction and Characterization of Fish Oil from Monopterus Albus. Malaysian J Anal Sci. 2001;7(1):217–20. [12].  Febriyenti, Almahdy A, Mulyani D. Amino acids and fatty acids profiles of eel (Monopterus albus) water extracts. Rasayan J Chem. 2019;12(3):1591-4. https://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2019.1234071  [13].  Williams JZ, Barbul A. Nutrition and wound healing. Surg Clin North Am. 2003;83(3):571–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6109(02)00193-7  [14].  Shivhare UD, Jain KB, Mathur VB, Bhusari KP, Roy AA. Formulation development and evaluation of diclofenac sodium gel using water soluble polyacrylamide polymer. 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Optimization of the mechanical properties and water-vapor transmission properties of free films of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1999;25(1):95–8. https://doi.org/10.1081/DDC-100102147 [26].  Sezer AD, Hatipoglu F, Cevher E, Oğurtan Z, Bas AL, Akbuğa J. Chitosan film containing fucoidan as a wound dressing for dermal burn healing: Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2007;8(2):E94–101. https://doi.org/10.1208/pt0802039

Formulation of Eel (Monopterus albus) extract membranes for wound dressing using plasticizers

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Formulation of Eel (Monopterus albus) extract membranes for wound dressing using plasticizers

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