Baars, R.M.

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Rumours of Revolt:Civil War and the Emergence of a Transnational News Culture in France and the Netherlands, 1561–1598

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Rumours of revolt
Civil war and the emergence of a transnational news culture in France and the Netherlands,
1561-1598
Baars, R.M.
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Citation for published version (APA):
Baars, R. M. (2019). Rumours of revolt: Civil war and the emergence of a transnational news culture in France
and the Netherlands, 1561-1598.
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Download date: 09 Feb 2021
 
RUMOURS OF REVOLT 
 
Civil War and the Emergence  
of a Transnational News Culture  
in France and the Netherlands, 1561-1598 
 
 
 
Rosanne Baars 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Front cover: Anonymous, ‘Interior with a Man Writing on a Long Table’. Pen and brown ink, brush and 
gray and brown wash, over faint sketch in graphite. 16th century. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New 
York. 
 
RUMOURS OF REVOLT 
 
CIVIL WAR AND THE EMERGENCE OF A TRANSNATIONAL NEWS CULTURE  
IN FRANCE AND THE NETHERLANDS, 1561-1598 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT 
 
ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor 
 
aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam 
 
op gezag van de Rector Magnificus 
 
prof. dr. ir. K.I.J. Maex 
 
ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde 
 
commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit 
 
op woensdag 15 mei 2019, te 13.00 uur 
 
door Rosanne Maria Baars  
 
geboren te Heemskerk 
Promotiecommissie: 
 
 
Promotores: prof. dr. H.F.K. van Nierop Universiteit van Amsterdam 
 
  prof. dr. G.H. Janssen  Universiteit van Amsterdam 
 
 
Overige leden: dr. M. van Gelder   Universiteit van Amsterdam  
 
  prof. dr. E.M.P. van Gemert  Universiteit van Amsterdam  
 
  prof. dr. M. Greengrass  University of Sheffield  
 
  dr. H.J. Helmers   Universiteit van Amsterdam 
 
  prof. dr. A. Pettegree  University of St Andrews 
 
  prof. dr. J.S. Pollmann   Universiteit Leiden 
 
 
Faculteit:  Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen 
 
   
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dit werk maakt deel uit van het onderzoeksprogramma Promoties in de Geesteswetenschappen met 
projectnummer 322-52-007 dat gefinancierd is door de Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk 
Onderzoek (NWO). 
 
 
CONTENTS 
 
List of Figures                                                i  
 
Introduction                                                1
 The French Wars of Religion and the Dutch Revolt                           2 
 News and News Scholarship                                       4 
 Chronicling and Chroniclers                                       7 
 The Media World of the Sixteenth-Century Chronicler                          12 
 Scope and Structure                                            15  
 
Chapter 1. The First Troubles (1561-1566): Iconoclasm                           17
 The Sound of the Flute from France                                    17 
 Open Borders and Transnational News Networks after Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)            18  
 Iconoclasm in France and the Netherlands                                21 
 News about the First War of Religion and French Iconoclasm                       25 
 Foreign Influences                                             28 
 The Iconoclastic Fury as a News Event                                   31 
 A More Suitable Topic for News Pamphlets: the Ottomans                        33 
 An Awkward Event                                            35 
 Borrowing Responses from France                                    36  
 
Chapter 2. War, Fame, and Noble Leadership, 1567-1571                         41 
 Fame                                                    42  
 Praise, Poetry, and Prints                                         47 
 Famous Frenchmen during the First Years of the Religious Wars                     50 
 News about Alva, Orange, and the Troubles in the Netherlands                     55 
 Egmont and Hornes                                            59 
 Don Carlos                                                 62 
 
Chapter 3.  St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre and the Credibility of News, 1572              66 
 Part 1. Reactions to the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in the Netherlands               68 
 The Massacre and the Siege of Mons                                   69 
 Rumour and the Official Story                                       72  
 Copycat Events                                              76  
 Part 2. Credibility and Verification                                     78 
 Correspondence                                              79 
 Eyewitnesses                                               81 
 News Pamphlets                                              82 
 Celebrations                                                83 
 
Chapter 4. Peace Negotiations, 1576-1579                                 85 
 Peace Attempts in France and the Netherlands                                86 
 Parallels and Differences                                         88 
 News in the Netherlands about Peace in France                              90 
 French News regarding the Events in the Netherlands                          93 
 Pamphlets and Readership                                        98  
 International Pamphleteering                                       98 
 Explaining a Coup d’état                                          99 
 Ideas regarding Public Communication                                102 
 French Peace Edicts in the Netherlands                                106 
 
Chapter 5. Anjou, 1578-1583                                      108 
 Anjou goes to the Netherlands                                    109 
 Netherlandish Expectations                                      110  
 Marriage Plans                                             112 
 News from France                                           113 
 French News Networks in the Netherlands                              115 
 French Views of Anjou’s Mission in the Netherlands                         118 
 Why Go to the Netherlands?                                     120 
 Anjou’s Honour                                            123 
 The French Fury: ‘Anvers, l’Enfer’                                   126 
 
Chapter 6. Transnational Solidarities, 1584-1598                            131 
 Chroniclers Take Sides                                         132 
 The Murder of William of Orange                                   135 
 The Siege and Surrender of Antwerp                                 137  
 The Armada                                              139  
 A Single European Audience                                      141 
 The Murders of the Guises and Henry III - Separation in Print                     143 
 Navarre versus Farnese                                        147  
 Alternative Facts                                            152 
 Mirroring Murder: the Affair of Maurice of Nassau and the Assault  
 with the Quadruple Cutting Knife                                   155 
                                   
Conclusion                                                160 
 Two Civil Wars in France and the Netherlands                             160 
 The Emergence of a Transnational News Culture                           161 
 The Well-Informed Chronicler                                     163 
 
Appendix: Consulted Chronicles                                    165 
 
Bibliography                                               176 
 
Summary in English                                           203 
 
Résumé français                                                  207 
 
Samenvatting in het Nederlands                                    211 
 
Acknowledgements                                            216 
 
 
 


English

Rumours of revolt:Civil war and the emergence of a transnational news culture in France and the Netherlands, 1561-1598

Historians of the French Wars of Religion and the Dutch Revolt have long observed the interconnected nature of these two parallel crises and have pointed at a mutual hunger for news among the French and the Dutch. Yet these assumptions are primarily based on research into pamphlet production and diplomatic exchange. Through the study of a great number of diaries and chronicles from the Netherlands and France, complemented with other sources such as letters, pamphlets, songs and prints, this study aims to contribute to our knowledge of the perception of these two wars among contemporaries.By examining the reception of news in two countries over a period of four decades, it aims to offer a new perspective on the transnational history of the French Wars of Religion and the Dutch Revolt by analysing what news the inhabitants of France and the Netherlands received and recorded. Second, it aspires to add to the burgeoning field of early modern news scholarship with a case study on the reception of international news. And third, it does so through the study of early modern diary and chronicle practices, which recently have received attention as one of the topics within the current scholarly fascination for methods of archiving and information management in the early modern era. It argues that the second half of the sixteenth century witnessed the gradual emergence of a transnational news culture. It also shows how the increase in international religious polarization went together with an increase in media-savviness among sixteenth-century chroniclers

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Rumours of revolt:Civil war and the emergence of a transnational news culture in France and the Netherlands, 1561-1598

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