The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a famous routing issue and combinatorial optimization problem. It serves an important task in logistics and supply procession administration appropriate toward its wide applications in transport, product delivery, and services. VRP is one of the major important issues have no perfect solutions yet. Several authors over the last only some decades have recognized many types of research and used several algorithms with various methods to solve it. In this work the problem of the VRP work is described as follows: the vehicles which are used for transportation products toward instance place. Each vehicle begins from a major area at various times every day. The capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) is described as toward service a set of delivery customers by means of well-known demands, the aim of CVRP is toward giving every vehicle with a series of delivers so with the purpose of each and every one of customers are serviced, and the cost of traveling for vehicles are decreased. The paper aims to discover an optimal route for VRP by using Improvement Ant Colony System Algorithm (IACS). Optimal routes are founded based on to decrease the distance and the time for each and every one route which directs to quickest the moving of customers to their locations, also based on developing the CVRP model for optimizing the routing issues. The IACS method has been mostly considered recently for handling several combinatorial optimization issues. In this paper, the IACS has been introduced for solving the CVRP. A wide numerical experiment has been performed on benchmark issues available in recent work. The results have been shown the IACS algorithm is better when compared to conventional metaheuristic methods for handling CVRP

Hameed, Asaad Shakir

Mohd Aboobaider, Burhanuddin

Mutar, Modhi Lafta

Yusof, Norzihani

English

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) Repository

  UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA   DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABLE AIR COOLER USING PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL        This report is submitted in accordance with the requirement of the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Technology (Automotive) with Honours.      by    SALLEHUDDIN KAUS BIN ABDUL AZIZ B071510847 940420146015    FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY   2018  ii        Tajuk: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABLE AIR COOLER USING PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL  Sesi Pengajian: 2018  Saya SALLEHUDDIN KAUS BIN ABDUL AZIZ mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan (X)   ☐ SULIT* Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972.  ☐ TERHAD* Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan. ☒ TIDAK  TERHAD  Yang benar, Disahkan oleh penyelia: ........................................................ .................................................... SALLEHUDDIN KAUS BIN ABDUL AZIZ  MUHAMMED NOOR BIN HASHIM Alamat Tetap: Cop Rasmi Penyelia No 32,Jalan Kenanga SD9/5H, Bandar Sri Damansara 52200, Kuala Lumpur, W.Persekutuan  Tarikh: Tarikh: UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA *Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.  iii  DECLARATION   I hereby, declared this report entitled DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABLE AIR COOLER USING PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL is the results of my own research except as cited in references.      Signature: …………………………………… Author : SALLEHUDDIN KAUS BIN ABDUL AZIZ Date:            iv APPROVAL    This report is submitted to the Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) as a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Technology (Automotive Technology) with Honours. The member of the supervisory is as follow:     Signature: ………………………………………………. Supervisor: MUHAMMED NOOR BIN HASHIM         v  ABSTRAK              Kajian ini adalah untuk membincangkan dan membangunkan satu produk iaitu sebuah alat penyejukan mudah alih menggunakan lilin paraffin. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk dan analisa untuk pembangunan penyejuk udara mudah alih menggunakan perubahan fasa (PSM). Fungsi utama lilin paraffin adalah untuk menyerap haba. Hasilnya membuktikan bahawa lilin paraffin adalah bahan yang boleh menyejukkan atau bahan yg boleh digunakan untuk alat penyejukan. Selain itu kajian ini adalah untuk menyiasat prestasi peranti dalam pelbagai keadaan. Kajian ini dilakukan mengikut carta alir rekabentuk kejuruteraan dari mengunakan perisian CATIA hingga ke proses fabrikasi. Reka bentuk itu kemudian direka menggunakan bahan-bahan yang dipilih. Proses seperti potongan, penyambungan dan pendawaian dilakukan dalam proses fabrikasi. Model akan dibangunkan dan proses fabrikasi dijalankan di akhir dengan reka bentuk yang terbaik. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa lilin paraffin boleh menjadi ejen penyejukan untuk alat penyejukan mudah alih dengan menggeluarkan udara yang sejuk.     vi  ABSTRACT              This study is to design and analysis a portable air cooler. The objective of this study is to design and analyze the development of an air cooler a using phase change material (PCM). The main function of paraffin wax is to absorb heat. The result proves that paraffin wax is a cooling material or material that can be used for refrigeration. In addition, this study is to investigate the performance of devices in various situations. This study is based on the engineering design flow from a software CATIA to the fabrication process. The product is then designed using selected materials. Processes such as cutting, joining and wiring are done in the fabrication process. The model will be developed, and the fabrication process will be carried out at the end. The results show that paraffin wax can be a cooling agent for the portable air cooler by producing cool air.      vii   DEDICATION            This project and thesis are wholeheartedly dedicated to my beloved parents Fadilah Hanim Binti Abdul Manaf and Abdul Aziz Bin Mohd Kaus, who have been our source of inspiration and gave us strength who continually provide their moral, spiritual, emotional, and financial support. To our brothers, sisters, relatives, supervisor, lecturer and who shared their words of advice and encouragement to finish this study. And lastly, we dedicated this study to ALLAH SWT, thank you for the guidance, strength, power of mind, protection and skills and for giving us a healthy life.                   viii  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS             All praise belongs to Allah SWT. Without the health, strength and perseverance that He gave, I would not able to complete this project thesis. I have taken efforts in this project and spend time wisely to complete this thesis. I pay my deep sense of gratitude to my project supervisor, Encik Muhammed Noor Bin Hashim to encourage me to the highest peak and provide me the opportunity to prepare the project. Thank you for their expert suggestions and a constructive advice for this project and my studies. I am immensely obliging to my fellow project team member, Kamarul Nazreen, Ahmad Afiq Afifi, Vikesh, Nurul Haifa, Muhammad Ariff Hilmi and my fellow friends for their elevating inspiration, encouraging guidance and kind supervision in the completion of my project. Besides that, I would like to thank Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for giving me a great opportunity for this past year. Last but not the least, my parents are also an important inspiration for me. So, with due regards, I express my gratitude to them.  ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS ix LIST OF TABLES xiii LIST OF FIGURES xiv LIST OF APPENDICES xvii LIST OF SYMBOLS xviii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xix  INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 1 1.3 Project Briefing 2 1.4 Problem Statement 2 1.5 Aim and Objective of Research 3 1.5.1 Aim 3 1.5.2 Objectives 3 1.6 Work scope 3  LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1 Introduction 4 2.1.1 K-Chart 5 2.2 Air Conditioning 6 2.2.1 Introduction to An Air Conditioning 6 2.3 Operating Principles 7 2.3.1 Refrigeration Cycle 7 2.3.2 Evaporating Cooling 8 2.4 Evaporative Air Cooler 9 2.5 Types of Evaporating Cooling 9 2.5.1 Direct Evaporative Cooling (DEC) 11 2.5.2 Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) 12 2.5.3 Two Stage System 13 2.6 Application 14 2.7 Cooling Performance 15  x 2.7.1 Direct Evaporative Cooling (DEC) 15 2.7.2 Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) 16 2.8 Paraffin Wax 17 2.8.1 History of Paraffin Wax 18 2.8.2 Introduction of Paraffin Wax 19 2.8.3 Properties of Paraffin Wax 20 2.8.4 Application of Paraffin Wax 26 2.8.5 Manufacturing of Paraffin Wax 28 2.9 Summary 29  METHODOLOGY 30 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Project Design Flow Chart 31 3.3 Background Research 32 3.4 Specific Requirement 33 3.4.1 Product Design Specification 33 3.5 Brainstorm and Evaluate 33 3.5.1 Benchmarking 33 3.5.2 Morphological Chart 34 3.5.3 Scoring method 35 3.5.4 Material Selection 36 3.5.4.1 Paraffin Wax 36 3.5.4.2 Acrylic 36 3.5.4.2 Fan Turbine 37 3.5.4.3 Wire 38 3.5.4.4 Switch 38 3.6 Design and Prototype 39 3.6.1 Drawing Software, Catia 39 3.7 Operation Framework 40 3.8 Testing Analysis 40 3.8.1 Thermocouple and Data Logger 41 3.9 Project Analyse 42 3.9.1 Temperature 42 3.10 Expected outcomes 42 3.11 Project Time Plan 43 3.11.1 Gant Chart 43  xi  RESULT & DISCUSSION 44 4.1 Introduction 44 4.2 Background Research 44 4.3 Specific Requirement 45 4.3.1 Product Design Specification 45 4.4 Brainstorm and Evaluate 46 4.4.1 Benchmarking 46 4.4.1.1 Kool-Down Evaporative Cooler (Kool-Down) 46 4.4.1.2 Minifan Air Conditioning (Minifan) 47 4.4.1.3 HoMedics Mychill Personal Evaporative Cooler (Homedics Mychill) 48 4.4.2 List of Body Designs and Ideas 49 4.4.2.1 Design 1 49 4.4.2.2 Design 2 50 4.4.2.3 Design 3 50 4.4.3 Morphological chart 51 4.4.4 Scoring Method 52 4.5 Design and Prototype 53 4.5.1 Conceptual Design 53 4.5.2 New Design 55 4.5.3 Analysis for new final design 56 4.6 Fabrication Process 57 4.6.1 Fabrication Flow Chart 57 4.6.1 Measuring Process 58 4.6.2 Cutting Process 58 4.6.3 Dismantle Product 59 4.6.4 Joining Process 60 4.6.5 Wiring Process 61 4.6.6 Fabrication Complete 63 4.6.7 Finish Product 63 4.7 Analysis Process 66 4.7.1 Surrounding Temperature Testing 66 4.7.1.1 Procedure 67 4.7.1.2 Results 68 4.7.2 Phase Change Material Testing 69 4.7.2.1 Procedure 69 4.7.2.2 Results 70  xii 4.7.3 Portable Air Cooler Testing 71 4.7.3.1 Procedure 72 4.7.3.2 Results (Using Paraffin Wax) 73 4.7.3.3 Results (Not Using Paraffin Wax) 75 4.8 Discussion 76  CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 77 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Conclusion 77 5.3 Recommendation 78 REFERENCES 79 APPENDIX 82  xiii LIST OF TABLES TABLE  TITLE PAGE  Table 2.1 Melting point, Boiling point and Density of n-Paraffins (George A. Olah, 2003) 21 Table 2.2 Melting point, Boiling point and Density of n-Paraffins (George A. Olah, 2003) 22 Table 3.1 Example of scoring method 35 Table 3.2 Temperature Testing 42 Table 4.1 Product Design Specification 45 Table 4.2 Morphological Chart 51 Table 4.3 Scoring Method 52 Table 4.4 Fabrication Process 57 Table 4.5 Surrounding Temperature Testing Procedure 67 Table 4.6 Surrounding Temperature 68 Table 4.7 Phase Change Material Procedure 69 Table 4.8 Paraffin Wax Testing 70 Table 4.9 Portable Air Cooler Testing Procedure 72 Table 4.10 Portable Air Cooler Using Paraffin Wax 74 Table 4.11 Portable Air Cooler Not Using Paraffin Wax 75   xiv LIST OF FIGURES  FIGURE  TITLE PAGE  Figure 2.1 : K-Chart 5 Figure 2.2 Literature Overview 6 Figure 2.3 Schematic illustration of basic vapour compression refrigeration system 7 Figure 2.4 Schematic Illustration of evaporation cooling 8 Figure 2.5 Psychometry Chart 10 Figure 2.6 Direct Evaporative Cooling (DEC) 11 Figure 2.7 Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) 12 Figure 2.8 Two Stage Evaporative Cooling 13 Figure 2.9 Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) 16 Figure 2.10 Paraffin Wax 17 Figure 2.11 The hydrocarbon C31H64 is typical component of paraffin wax 20 Figure 2.12 Melting Points and Boiling Points of unbranched hydrocarbon temperature in ℃ (Becker 1997) 21 Figure 2.13 Density of normal hydrocarbons, density in g/cm3 (The Key Centre for Polymer Colloidsis, 2010) 23 Figure 2.14 Hexagonal Crystal Structure(Above), Orthorhombic 25 Figure 2.15 Viscosity vs Number of Carbons (Vulk and Sarcia 2003) 26 Figure 3.1 Flow Chart 31  xv Figure 3.2 Example of morphological chart 34 Figure 3.3 Acrylic 36 Figure 3.4 Fan Turbine 37 Figure 3.5 Wire 38 Figure 3.6 Switch 38 Figure 3.7 Catia Software Logo 39 Figure 3.8 Thermocouple 41 Figure 3.9 Gantt Chart 43 Figure 4.1 Kool-Down Evaporative Cooler (Kool-Down) 46 Figure 4.2 Minifan Air Conditioning (Minifan) 47 Figure 4.3 HoMedics Mychill Personal Evaporative Cooler (Homedics Mychill) 48 Figure 4.4 Design 1 49 Figure 4.5 Design 2 50 Figure 4.6 Design 3 50 Figure 4.7 Shading with material 53 Figure 4.8 Shading with edges 54 Figure 4.9 Conceptual Design 54 Figure 4.10 New Conceptual Design 55 Figure 4.11 Dimension Design 56 Figure 4.12 Measuring Process 58 Figure 4.13 Cutting Process 59  xvi Figure 4.14 Dismantle Product 59 Figure 4.15 Joining Process (a) (b) 60 Figure 4.16 Joining Process (c) (d) 61 Figure 4.17 Schematic Diagram 62 Figure 4.18 Wiring Process 62 Figure 4.19 Top View 63 Figure 4.20 Front View 64 Figure 4.21 Side View 64 Figure 4.22 Benchmark Product 65 Figure 4.23 New Design Product 65 Figure 4.24 Phase Change Material Testing 70 Figure 4.25 Portable Air Cooler Using Paraffin Wax 73 Figure 4.26 Portable Air Cooler Method 73 Figure 4.27 Time vs Temperature Graph (PCM) 74 Figure 4.28 Time vs Temperature Graph (No PCM) 75   xvii LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE    xviii LIST OF SYMBOLS % - Percent  F° - Fahrenheit kW - Kilowatt C° - Celsius m / s  - Meter per second Lit / min - Litre per minute Pa - Pascal P - Pressure                                 xix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PCM Phase Change Material DEC Direct Evaporative Cooling IEC Indirect Evaporative Cooling RH Relative Humidity EER Energy Efficiency Ratio LHTES Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage AM Additive Manufacturing AMF Additive Manufacturing File STL Stereolithographic FDM Fuel Deposition Modelling CAD Computer Aided Design HVAC High Ventilation Air Conditioning DC Direct Current AC Alternate Current        USB      Universal Serial Bus           1    INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction This chapter will discuss about the background of the product and material. This chapter including the problem statement of the project. Then, the chapter also have objectives to solve the problem and lastly in this chapter are work scope of the project is about to design and study of the product. 1.2 Background When temperature rises, people may look or search to the cooling comfort of an indoor air conditioning. Air conditioning consists various of type such as window, split, inverter variable refrigerant flow and evaporative air cooler. Evaporative air cooler is also known by several names such as swamp cooler, desert cooler and wet air cooler. Evaporative coolers lower down the temperature of air by using the principle of evaporative cooling (Ashutosh Singh, Rahul Dev.2017). The thermal analysis of an indirect evaporative cooling unit is inherently complicated because the cooling process involves simultaneous heat mass transfer at the liquid film-air interface (X.C. Guo and T.S.Zhao 1998).  Evaporative cooling is now-a-days applied in many fields. Several applications include evaporative coolers and cooling ventilation systems, greenhouse cooling, warehouse cooling and product storage, nursery cooling, poultry, hog and livestock cooling, wet cooling towers in thermal power plants, and inlet air cooling of gas turbines. (Ashutosh Singh, Rahul Dev.2017). This shows that the demand for a portable AC such  2 as evaporative cooler on a hot and sunny weather. Paraffin wax is a colorless chemical material in solid form from petroleum, coal or oil shale that consists mixture of hydrocarbon containing between 20 and 40 carbon atoms. It’s become solid when at room temperature and the melting point when it’s achieved temperature at 37 ℃ and its boiling point is 370°C. The application of paraffin wax is used in lubrication, electrical insulation and candles. 1.3 Project Briefing This project is about developing a portable air cooler by using phase change material which is paraffin wax. Air cooler is design to cool the ambient surrounding temperature. Paraffin wax is placed inside the air cooler vent to reduce power consumption and produce cool air. The paraffin wax is contained in a thermoplastic polymer packaging material which is melt able when it’s at elevated temperature become a liquid form. When the hot air passed through the paraffin wax, it will produce a cool air, the paraffin wax act as cooling agent will decrease the temperature surrounding and produce cool air. 1.4 Problem Statement i. Cooling agent or absorption material for an air cooler. ii. Size of portable air cooler iii. Manufacturing Cost iv. Living space    3 1.5 Aim and Objective of Research 1.5.1 Aim  The aim of this research is to provide thermal efficient cooling and to reduce power usage. The investigation in the present project will be circulating about four major aspects in the system, which are: 1) Type of paraffin wax (PCM) 2) How the device work 3) The device’s performance in various situation  4) How effective the system 1.5.2 Objectives  The objective of this project is: 1) To design and analysis for development of portable air cooler using phase change material (PCM). 2) To conduct experimental study and to investigate the device’s performance using phase change material (PCM).  1.6 Work scope The work scope of this project is: 1) Design the prototype of a portable personal air cooler. 2) Study the effectiveness of the paraffin wax as cooling agent. 3) Study how paraffin wax can decrease the temperature for applying on an air cooler.    4    LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The literature review is about the research and observation of the previous study on the product. In addition, the discussion of the required data as reference materials and guidelines that needed for projects. The studying that done are included the properties of materials and safety of the materials.     5 2.1.1 K-Chart  Figure 2.1 : K-Chart  HVACREFRIGERATION CYCLECENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING DUCTLESS AC PORTABLE AC DEHUMIDIFIER EVAPORATIVE AIR COOLER DIRECT COOLINGPHASE CHANGE MATERIAL                  ( PARAFFIN WAX)    FABRICATERESULTTESTINGDESIGNINDIRECT COOLINGTWO STAGE SYSTEMAIR COOLERWINDOW AC MINI-SPLIT AC RESULTS METHODOLOGY 

Enhancing Solutions Of Capacity Vehicle Routing Problem Based On An Improvement Ant Colony System Algorithm

http://eprints.utem.edu.my/24055/1/Design%20And%20Analysis%20For%20Development%20Of%20Portable%20Air%20Cooler%20Using%20Phase%20Change%20Material.pdf

Enhancing Solutions Of Capacity Vehicle Routing Problem Based On An Improvement Ant Colony System Algorithm

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