Conservation Law of Utility and Equilibria in Non-Zero Sum Games

Abstract

This short note demonstrates how one can define a transformation of a non-zero sum game into a zero sum, so that the optimal mixed strategy achieving equilibrium always exists. The transformation is equivalent to introduction of a passive player into a game (a player with a singleton set of pure strategies), whose payoff depends on the actions of the active players, and it is justified by the law of conservation of utility in a game. In a transformed game, each participant plays against all other players, including the passive player. The advantage of this approach is that the transformed game is zero-sum and has an equilibrium solution. The optimal strategy and the value of the new game, however, can be different from strategies that are rational in the original game. We demonstrate the principle using the Prisoner's Dilemma example