This article is a preprint and has not been peer-reviewed. It is availble from bioRxiv via the DOI in this record.Existing models of parental investment have mainly focused on interactions at the level
of the family, and have paid much less attention to the impact of population-level processes.
Here we extend classical models of parental care to assess the impact of population structure
and limited dispersal. We find that sex-differences in dispersal substantially affect the
amount of care provided by each parent, with the more philopatric sex providing the majority
of the care to young. This effect is most pronounced in highly viscous populations: in
such cases, when classical models would predict stable biparental care, inclusion of a modest
sex difference in dispersal leads to uniparental care by the philopatric sex. In addition,
mating skew also affects sex-differences in parental investment, with the more numerous
sex providing most of the care. However, the effect of mating skew only holds when parents
care for their own offspring. When individuals breed communally, we recover the previous
finding that the more philopatric sex provides most of the care, even when it is the rare sex.
Finally, we show that sex-differences in dispersal can mask the existence of sex-specific
costs of care, because the philopatric sex may provide most of the care even in the face
of far higher mortality costs relative to the dispersing sex. We conclude that sex-biased
dispersal is likely to be an important, yet currently overlooked driver of sex-differences in
parental care.We would like to thank the other members of the Transgen group, Tom
Ezard, Stuart Townley and Jonathan Wells for discussion. The Dutch Academy of Arts and
Sciences (KNAW) and the Lorentz Centre at the University of Leiden, the Netherlands, funded
a week-long workshop on nongenetic effects that contributed to this paper. The authors acknowledge
the use of the UCL Legion High Performance Computing Facility (Legion@UCL),
and associated support services, in the completion of this work. This study was funded by an
EPSRC sandpit grant on transgenerational effects, grant number EP/H031928/1 awarded to RAJ
and an EPSRC-funded 2020 Science fellowship awarded to BK (grant number EP/I017909/1)
