Dixit, S.P.

Singh, Dhanbir

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Integrated management of different nutrients in turmeric399Short  scientific  report Journal of Plantation Crops, 2011, 39 (3): 399-401The increase in available P due to integrated effectof farm yard manure and nutrients addition may bebecause of the fact that upon decomposition, organicmatter releases some acids which act as chelates and helpin forming coating on sesquioxides, which are commonin acidic soils. Turmeric, known for its medicinalproperties is gaining popularity in Himachal Pradesh dueto good monetary returns and high market demand. Thearea under this crop in the state is about 150 ha withproduction of 110 tonnes. The average yield is only0.73 t/ ha, which is comparatively lower than that of manystates like Andhra Pradesh (4.13 t/ha) and Tamil Nadu(3.73 t/ha) (Anon., 2005). High P and K fixation capacity,low rates of organic matter decomposition and N and Smineralization are some of the important limiting factorsaffecting productivity and nutrients uptake by the cropin the acidic conditions (Sharma et al., 2001). Theavailable N,P,K and S in soil play a significant role inimproving the nutrient uptake, productivity and nutrientstatus in the soil. In general as the dry matter productionincreases, uptake of nutrients also increases as there ispositive correlation between yield and uptake(Subramanian et al., 2001).Solo use of chemical fertilizers poses serious threatto the sustainability of the crop yields and soil health.Farmyard manure (FYM) forms the major source oforganic nutrition to agricultural crops. However, its poormanagement at the farmers’ level limit the use of organicmanure only as a supplementary source of nutrients whenhigh yields are targeted. Therefore, it is imperative tostudy the effect of eco-friendly integrated nutrientmanagement approach in the crop in an acid Alfisol ofthe state.Field experiments on turmeric (Curcuma longa L.),variety T-12 were conducted during kharif 2004 and 2005at the research farm of Department of Soil Science,Integrated management of different nutrients with FYM on soilfertility status and nutrient uptake by turmeric in acidicsoil of Western Himalayas(Manuscript Received: 26-04-10, Revised: 14-07-11, Accepted: 21-10-11)Keywords: FYM, nutrients, nutrients uptake, soil fertility status, turmericChaudhary Sarwan Kumar, Himachal Pradesh KrishiVishvavidyalaya, Palampur (Himachal Pradesh.). The soilof the experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, withpH 5.6, organic carbon 11.8 g/ kg, nitrogen 264 kg/ha,available phosphorus 16 kg/ ha, available potassium204 kg /ha and available sulphur 12 kg/ ha. Eleventreatment combinations were arranged in a randomizedblock design including control with three replications.The treatments were 20 t FYM /ha as soil incorporationand as soil mulch, 100 % NPK, 100 % NPKS, 100 %NPKS in combination with 10, 15, 20 t FYM/ ha as soilincorporation and with same doses of FYM as soil mulchand control. Uniform mother rhizomes of turmeric weresown in last week of May during both the years with arow to row and plant to plant spacing of 30 and 20 cm,respectively.Total nitrogen content was determined by micro-kjeldahl’s method (Jackson, 1967), total phosphoruscontent by vando-molybdate phosphoric acid yellowcolour method (Jackson, 1967), total potassium contentmethod given by Chapman and Brown (1950) and totalsulphur content by turbidimetric method (Chesin andYien, 1950). The concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium and sulphur were determined in rhizome andstraw (leaf) and uptake was calculated as follows:Uptake (kg/ ha)   = concentration of nutrient (%) xyield of crop (leaf + rhizome q/ ha)Organic carbon content in soil was determined byRapid titration method (Walkley and Black,1934),available N- Alkaline permanganate method (Subiah andAsija,1956), available P- 0.5 M NaHCO3 (Olsen et al,1954), available K-Neutral normal ammonium acetatemethod (Black, 1965) and available S- 0.15 per centCaCl2, extractable S method (William and Steinberg,1959).S.P. Dixit and Dhanbir Singh400There was a significant increase in uptake of N, P,K and S by turmeric (rhizome + straw) with addition of20 t FYM/ha over control. The nutrients uptake alsoincreased significantly with the use of 100 % NPKS with10, 15 and 20 t FYM/ha as incorporation or mulch over100 % NPKS (Table 1). The treatment, where 100 %NPK was applied significantly increased the uptake ofN, P and K over 20 t FYM/ha, whereas, in case of STable 1.  Integrated management of different nutrients with FYM on nutrients uptake (kg/ha) by turmeric (pooled data of two years)Treatments N uptake P uptake K uptake S uptakeControl 15.4 3.83 22.9 2.820 t FYM/ ha (SI) 21.8 5.48 31.6 4.720 t FYM /ha (SM) 23.2 7.12 33.1 4.9100 % NPK 29.5 9.50 43.5 4.1100 % NPKS 32.3 11.4 47.5 7.3100 % NPKS + 10 t FYM/ ha (SI) 36.5 13.6 54.2 8.5100 % NPKS + 15 t FYM /ha (SI) 40.7 14.6 59.1 10.0100 % NPKS + 20 t FYM/ ha (SI) 42.3 15.7 62.1 10.7100 % NPKS + 10 t FYM/ ha (SM) 35.9 12.5 52.8 7.9100 % NPKS + 15 t FYM/ ha (SM) 39.6 14.2 58.5 9.9100 % NPKS + 20 t FYM/ ha (SM) 42.5 15.9 61.8 10.9CD (P= 0.05) 1.12 0.18 1.96 0.60SI:   FYM incorporated in the soil at the time of sowing,  SM: FYM applied as soil mulch at the time of sowing and incorporated at the time of earthing upuptake, the two treatments were statistically at par witheach other. The respective nitrogen, phosphorus andsulphur uptake (rhizome + straw) were found highest(42.5, 15.9 and 10.9 kg/ ha) in treatment comprising of100 % NPKS + 20 t FYM/ ha as soil mulch as comparedto the rest of the treatments. Likewise, the highestpotassium uptake (62.1 kg/ ha)  was recorded at  100 %NPKS + 20 t FYM/ ha as soil incorporation as comparedto the other treatments. The treatment  100 % NPKS +20 t FYM/ ha as soil mulch was significantly superiorover 100 % NPKS + 20 t FYM /ha as soil incorporationin influencing the P uptake only. The higher N, P, K andS uptake at different nutrient levels over control wasmainly due to increase in yield of the crop. Conjoint useof NPKS and farm yard manure influenced the N, P, Kand S uptake markedly, which could be because of supplyof these nutrients and improvement in physical andchemical conditions of soil. Sharma et al. (2001) alsoreported similar results of integrated fertilizationimproving the growth of the plants, increasing uptakeand accumulating N, P, K and S.Organic carbon content increased significantlywith application of farm yard manure alone @ 20t/haover control and 100% NPKS + 20 t FYM/ ha as soilincorporation or mulch over 100% NPKS (Table 2). Thehighest build up in its status (12.2 g/ kg ) was recordedin 100% NPKS + 20 t FYM/ ha as soil incorporation,available nitrogen of 278 kg /ha and phosphorus of 22.8kg/ ha were recorded in  100 % NPKS + 20 t FYM/ ha assoil incorporation. This increase in N status in soil maybe due to addition of N thorugh FYM and nitrogen fromchemcial fertilizer (Singh et al., 2001). Effect of FYM inincreasing P availability is known to be due to reducedphosphate sorption with low bonding energy ultimatelyleading to an increase in availability of P (Sharma et al.,2001).Likewise, the highest available potassium (219 kg/ha) and sulphur (22.8 kg/ ha) were recorded at 100 %NPKS + 20 t FYM /ha as soil mulch. The increase inavailable K status of the soil due to integration might bedue to the reason that organic colloids possess greatercapacity to hold K ions on the exchangeable sites andhelp in the constant release of K from the non-exchangeable pool of these colloids (Karthikeyan et al.,2001). Moreover, there is equilibrium between watersoluble, exchangeable and non-exchangeable K in soil.(Medda and Hore, 2003). Similarily in case of sulphur,FYM application might have resulted in an increase inthe soil microorganism population and these organismsapparently utilize organically bound S for cell synthesisduring assimilation of S into microbial protoplasm andconvert into inorganic sulphates as has also been reportedby Singh et al. (2001).which might be due to addition of organic carbon throughFYM and creation of favourable conditions for the growthof soil microorganisms. Available N, P, K and S status ofsoil enhanced significantly due to  addition of 20 t FYM/ha both as soil incorportion and mulch over the control.Nutrients status (N,P,K and S) increased significantly withalone application 100 % NPKS + 20 t FYM/ ha as soilincorporation or mulch over 100% NPKS. The highestIntegrated management of different nutrients in turmeric401ReferencesAnonymous.2005. Annual Report, Directorate of Agriculture,Government of Himachal Pradesh.Black, C. A. 1965. Methods of soil analysis- Part 2. American Societyof Agronomy, Washington, U.S.A.Chapman, H.D. and Brown, S.M. 1950. Analysis of organic leavesfor diagnosing nutrient status with reference to potassium.Hilgardia 19: 501-540.Chesnin, L. and Yien, C.H. 1950. Turbidimetric determination ofavailable sulphates. Proceedings of  Soil Science  Society ofAmerica 15:149-151.Jackson, M.L. 1967. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice-Hall of India,Ltd., New Delhi. pp. 219-221.Karthikeyan, P.K., Ravichandran, M., Imas, P.  and Assaraf, M.2009.The effect of potassium on the yield and quality of turmeric(Curcuma longa). International  Potash Institute ResearchFindings: No. 21, September 2009.Medda, P.S. and Hore, J.K. 2003. Effect of N and K on growth andyield of turmeric in alluvial plains of West Bengal. IndianJournal of  Horticulture 60(1): 84-88.Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.W., Watanabe, F.S. and Dean, L.A. 1954.Estimation of available phosphorous in soils by extractionwith NaHCO3, USDA Circ.939.Sharma, P.K., Baghla, K., Dixit, S.P. and Bhardwaj, S.K. 2001.Preliminary studies on potassium in turmeric as influencedby FYM in mountain acidic lands of Western- Himalayas,India. pp.325-328. In: Proceedings of InternationalSymposium on Importance of Potassium in NutrientManagement for Sustainable Crop Production in India. PotashResearch Institute of India, Gurgaon, India.Singh, M.S., Singh, V.P. and Reddy, S. 2001.Effect of integratedfertilizer nitrogen and farm yard manure or green manure ontransformation of N, K and S and productivity of Rice-Wheatsystem on Vertisol. Journal of the  Indian Society of  SoilScience. 49: 430-32.Subbiah, B.V. and Asija, G.L. 1956. A rapid procedure for theestimation of available nitrogen in soil. Current  Science. 25:259-260.Subramanian, K.S., Sivasamy, N., and Thangaraj, T. 2001. Integratednutrient management for turmeric. Spice India 14(12):25-26.Walkley, A. and Black, C.A. 1934. An examination of wet acidmethod for determining soil organic matter and proposedmodification of the chromic acid titration method. SoilScience 37: 29-38.Williams, C.H. and Steinbergs, A. 1959. Soil sulphur fractions aschemical indices of available  S in some  Australian soils.Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 10: 340-352.Table 2. Integrated management of different nutrients with FYM on soil properties in turmeric (pooled data of two years)Treatments Organic (g /kg) Available Available Available Available carbon  N (kg /ha)  P (kg/ ha)  K (kg /ha) S (kg /ha)Control 11.8 223 10.3 163 10.220 t FYM/ ha (SI) 12.0 232 12.9 186 14.120 t FYM /ha (SM) 12.0 238 13.4 187 13.6100 % NPK 11.9 249 14.8 205 11.1100 % NPKS 11.9 254 15.5 202 15.8100 % NPKS + 10 t FYM/ ha (SI) 12.0 264 18.1 208 18.3100 % NPKS + 15 t FYM /ha (SI) 12.0 274 21.1 212 20.6100 % NPKS + 20 t FYM/ ha (SI) 12.2 278 22.8 218 22.1100 % NPKS + 10 t FYM/ ha (SM) 12.0 255 16.7 213 18.4100 % NPKS + 15 t FYM/ ha (SM) 12.1 268 18.7 214 20.5100 % NPKS + 20 t FYM/ ha (SM) 12.0 276 20.7 219 22.8CD (P= 0.05) 0.09 8.06 1.70 10.07 1.59SI:   FYM incorporated in soil at the time of sowing, SM: FYM applied as soil mulch at the time of sowing and incorporated at the time of earthing upDepartment of Soil Science, Chaudhary Sarwan KumarHimachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176062S.P. Dixit,Dhanbir Singh

Integrated management of different nutrients with FYM on soil fertility status and nutrient uptake by turmeric in acidic soil of Western Himalayas

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Integrated management of different nutrients with FYM on soil fertility status and nutrient uptake by turmeric in acidic soil of Western Himalayas

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