Ni, Alexander

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1Master-Untertitelformat bearbeitenAlexander NiSmart Energy Consultants, SwitzerlandInternational Scientific and University ConferenceAstana July 12-13FUTURE POWER SYSTEMS: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONSFUTURE ENERGY SYSTEMSEnergy: abundant, reliable, clean,sustainable, safe, cheap coal 40.8%, natural gas 21.6%, nuclear 10.6%, hydro 16.4%,      oil 4.3%, wind 4%,         solar 1% MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATIONTOP REASONS U.S. SHOULD WITHDRAW FROM PARIS CLIMATE TREATY• Cost to U.S. taxpayers.• Increased energy costs for U.S. consumers and businesses. Household electricity costs are projected to increase up to 20%, and an average family of four would see total income loss of over $20,000.• Puts U.S. at a competitive disadvantage. This agreement will cost the U.S. an estimated 6.5 million jobs by 2040 and reduce GDP by over $2.5 trillion, putting the country at a huge disadvantage to countries like China, India, or Russia. • Paris Climate Treaty will have negligible benefits to the environment. According to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which compiled the combined impacts of the various pledges under the Treaty, it found a global temperature reduction of 0.2 degrees Celsius by 2100.COST OF POWER INTERRUPTIONS IN THE US. LARGE RENEWABLES PENETRATION• Increased level of variability and uncertainty in power grid operationsenhances hazard that power plants and transmission lines canunexpectedly drop out of service.• Different options for improvement of efficiency and safety of powersystem with high renewables penetration are under discussion intechnical literature:• Energy storage• New control systems for transmission and distribution• Flexible generationPUMPED STORAGE NANT DE DRANCE, SWITZERLANDlow power demandhigh power demand6 Generators x 150 MWRETURN ON INVESTMENT“Energy Money Return on Investment” (EMROI)“Energy Return on Investment” (EROI)ENERGY EFFICIENCYINDUSTRIAL INTERNET. GE REPORT• Future energy systems efficiency can be enhanced by broad implementation of industrial internet solutions. • These solutions put real-time intelligence in the hands of customers so they can advance assets and networks toward zero unplanned downtimeSHALE GAS REVOLUTIONCoal (anthracite) 228.6Diesel fuel and heating oil161.3Gasoline 157.2Propane 139.0Natural gas 117.0Pounds of CO2 emitted per million British thermal units (Btu) of energy for various fuels:FUSION POWER GENERATIONCold fusion is a hypothesized type ofnuclear reaction that would occur at,or near, room temperature. This iscompared with the "hot" fusion whichtakes place naturally within stars,under immense pressure and attemperatures of millions of degreesSPACE-BASED SOLAR POWER (SBSP)Space Solar Power Station (SSP) in Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) radius 36000km• Basic principle– Power satellite equipped with mirrored panels collects continuously energy from the sun– The energy is redirected to concentrating photovoltaic arrays to convert it into electrical power– The electrical energy is transmitted by microwaves to the ground (collection rectennas) and can be routed into an electrical grid as base-load powerTHE NEW SOLAR SYSTEM. STANFORD LAW SCHOOLAND STANFORD GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESSChina and the United States find themselves at an unprecedentedmoment in the growth of solar power. Their interaction will determinewhether solar energy emerges as a mainstream energy source, as anengine of significant economic growth and carbon reductions. Thereare many reasons to be sceptical that the world’s two largest energyconsumers and carbon emitters will find the will to work more closelytogether to scale up solar power to meaningfully address the climatechallenge. Yet The New Solar System concludes that each of them hasan even more-compelling reason to do so: economic self-interest.THE NEW SOLAR SYSTEM. STANFORD LAW SCHOOLAND STANFORD GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS• Solar energy has become big business.• China solar-panel manufacturing-70% of global capacity for manufacturing crystalline-silicon solar panels, the US share -1% percent.• A more-enlightened United States policy approach to solar to continue slashing solar power’s costs — not to prop up types of American solar manufacturing that can’t compete globally. • It is likely to make more sense Focus American solar subsidies more on research and development and deployment than on manufacturing. SUMMARY• High renewables penetration needs involvement of innovative solutions:– Energy storage– Stability and control systems– Energy management– Industrial internet• New energy sources are necessary to meet growing power demandSUMMARY– An approaching the global problem needs original scientificand engineering solutions which must stimulate profoundresearch in fundamental and applied sciences:• Mathematics, physics, chemistry• New materials, catalysts• Advanced sensors• Big data• etc.ENERGY AND SOCIETY DEVELOPEMENTThe level of a society development is closelyconnected to the energy it consumes. The EnergyDevelopment Index quantifies country energyconsumption both at the household level:electricity and access to clean cooking facilities;and at the community level: modern energyuse for public services (e.g. schools, hospitals andclinics, water and sanitation, street lighting) andenergy for productive use, which deals withmodern energy use as part of economic activity.MICROGRIDA microgrid is a small-scale powergrid that can operateindependently from area’s mainelectrical grid. Microgrids: bolsterthe main power grid during periodsof heavy demand; often involvemultiple energy sources as a way ofincorporating renewable power;include reducing costs andenhancing reliability; due to themodular nature could make themain grid less susceptible tolocalized disaster; allows gradualmodernization of the existing grid.

FUTURE POWER SYSTEMS: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

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FUTURE POWER SYSTEMS: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

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