The mechanically adaptable connective tissue of echinoderms (Mutable Collagenous Tissue\u2014MCT), which can undergo drastic nervously-mediated changes in mechanical properties, represents a promising model for biomaterial design and biomedical applications. MCT could be a source of, or an inspiration for, new composite materials whose molecular interactions
and structural conformation can be changed in response to external stimuli. MCT is composed mostly of collagen fibrils, comparable to those of mammals, plus a variety of other components, including other fibrillar structures, proteoglycans
and glycoproteins. This contribution presents the preliminary results of a detailed analysis of MCT components in the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus, focusing on biochemical characterization of the fibrils and biomolecular analysis of the presumptive glycoproteins involved. The final aims will be to confirm the presence and the role of these glycoproteins in echinoids and to manipulate simpler components in order to produce a composite with mutable mechanical properties

A. Barbaglio

A. Ghilardi

C. Di Benedetto

F. Bonasoro

I.C. Wilkie

L. Del Giacco

M. Sugni

M.D. Candia

N. Burlini

S. Tricarico

The mechanically adaptable connective tissue of echinoderms (Mutable Collagenous Tissue—MCT), which can undergo drastic nervously-mediated changes in mechanical properties, represents a promising model for biomaterial design and biomedical applications. MCT could be a source of, or an inspiration for, new composite materials whose molecular interactions
and structural conformation can be changed in response to external stimuli. MCT is composed mostly of collagen fibrils, comparable to those of mammals, plus a variety of other components, including other fibrillar structures, proteoglycans
and glycoproteins. This contribution presents the preliminary results of a detailed analysis of MCT components in the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus, focusing on biochemical characterization of the fibrils and biomolecular analysis of the presumptive glycoproteins involved. The final aims will be to confirm the presence and the role of these glycoproteins in echinoids and to manipulate simpler components in order to produce a composite with mutable mechanical properties

I. C. Wilkie

AIR Universita degli studi di Milano

Zoosymposia 7: 279–285 (2012)Accepted by A. Kroh: 7 July 2011; published 12 Dec. 2012 279www.mapress.com/zoosymposia/Copyright  ©  2012      ·    Magnolia PressISSN 1178-9905  (print edition)ISSN 1178-9913 (online edition)ZOOSYMPOSIANew insights into the mutable collagenous tissue of  Paracentrotus lividus: preliminary results*SERENA TRICARICO1,3, ALICE BARBAGLIO1, NEDDA BURLINI1, LUCA DEL GIACCO1, ANNA GHILARDI1, MICHELA SUGNI1, CRISTIANO DI BENEDETTO1, FRANCESCO BONASORO1, IAIN C. WILKIE2 & MARIA DANIELA CANDIA CARNEVALI11 Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, Milan, Italy 2 Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland 3 Corresponding author, E-mail: serena.tricarico@unimi.it*In: Kroh, A. & Reich, M. (Eds.) Echinoderm Research 2010: Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Echinoderms, Göttingen, Germany, 2–9 October 2010. Zoosymposia, 7, xii + 316 pp.AbstractThe mechanically adaptable connective tissue of echinoderms (Mutable Collagenous Tissue—MCT), which can undergo drastic nervously-mediated changes in mechanical properties, represents a promising model for biomaterial design and biomedical applications. MCT could be a source of, or an inspiration for, new composite materials whose molecular inter-actions and structural conformation can be changed in response to external stimuli. MCT is composed mostly of collagen fibrils, comparable to those of mammals, plus a variety of other components, including other fibrillar structures, proteo-glycans and glycoproteins. This contribution presents the preliminary results of a detailed analysis of MCT components in the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus, focusing on biochemical characterization of the fibrils and biomolecular analysis of the presumptive glycoproteins involved. The final aims will be to confirm the presence and the role of these glycoproteins in echinoids and to manipulate simpler components in order to produce a composite with mutable mechanical properties.Key words: Mutable Collagenous Tissue, Echinodermata, Echinoidea, glycoproteins, mechanical propertiesIntroductionMany echinoderm connective tissues undergo rapid and reversible changes in their mechanical prop-erties (Motokawa 1984; Wilkie et al. 2004). The mutability of these tissues is facilitated by distinctive features of their collagen fibrils, which are much shorter than the length of the tissue in which they are found and lack permanent interfibrillar associations (Matsumura 1974; Trotter & Koob 1989; Trot-ter et al. 1996). The load-bearing potential of these tissues depends on the ability of adjacent fibrils to transfer stress via transiently established interactions. The transient nature of these associations accounts for the capacity of such tissues to become reversibly stiff or compliant (Wilkie et al. 1993).MCT is composed mostly of collagen fibrils comparable to those of mammals, plus a variety of other components, including other fibrillar structures (fibrillin microfibrils), proteoglycans and glyco-proteins. According to Trotter et al. (1996, 2003), the extracellular matrix of holothurians includes at least two important glycoproteins, stiparin and tensilin, that can modulate the aggregation of collagen TRICARICO ET AL.280 · Zoosymposia 7 © 2012 Magnolia Pressfibrils and their capacity for reciprocal sliding and establishing interfibrillar links.The aims of this paper are to present preliminary results concerning (1) the biochemical char-acterization (purification, extraction and quantification) of collagen and collagen fibrils from the peristomial membrane of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus, and (2) the biomolecular characteriza-tion of tensilin from the peristomial membranes of P. lividus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Materials and MethodsSpecimens of P. lividus were collected in the Ligurian Sea (Italy), and specimens of S. purpuratus were collected along the Connecticut coast (USA) and then delivered to Milan in RNAlater® con-servation solution. Peristomial membranes were dissected from the sea-urchin test, after carefully removing the external epidermis, and then were processed as follows.Collagen fibril isolation. Collagen extraction was performed according to the protocol of Matsumura (1974). The disaggregation was carried out below 7°C. The tissue was suspended in a solution of 0.5 M NaCl, 0.05 M EDTA-Na, 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) and 0.2 M b-mercaptoethanol. The sus-pension was stirred for 2 days and then filtered through a 60 mesh sheet of Nylon gauze. The filtered material contained fibrous components and was used for the preparation of collagen fibrils: it was dialyzed against 200 ml of 0.5 M EDTA-Na solution (pH 8.0) and successively against distilled water. The collagen solution was stored at -20°C on dry silica gel. Some samples were stirred continuously in 4 M guanidine chloride in 0.05 M sodium acetate (pH 5.8) or 0.1 N NaOH at 4°C for 24 h.Collagen quantification. Collagen quantification was performed according to the protocol of Taşkiran et al. (1999). Sirius red F3BA, a strong anionic dye, stains collagen by reacting, via its sulphonic acid TABLE 1. Primers used in amplification and sequencing of tensilin full-length from S. purpuratus and P. lividus. Sp_F and Sp_R, forward and reverse primers to amplify S. purpuratus full-length tensilin; S purp 5' AP and S purp 3' AP, for-ward and reverse adapter primers for the in-vitro translation; P liv ESON F1 and P liv ESON R1, first set of forward and reverse primers to amplify P. lividus full-length tensilin; P liv ESON F2, P liv ESON F3, P liv ESON R2 and P liv ESON R3, second set of forward and reverse primers to amplify P. lividus full-length tensilin.Primer Direction sequenceSp_F forward 5'— CACATC TACTCAGCACCATGSp_R reverse 5'— CGTTGGTCGTGTGTGCTAATS purp 5'AP forward 5'— ATATCTCGAGCGGCCGCTAGCTAATACGACTCACTATA-GGGAGACCACAACGGTTTCCCTCTAGAAATAATTTTGTTTAACTT-TAAGAAGGAGAGCCACCS purp 3'AP reverse 5'— AAATATTCAATAACAAAAAAATGTATCTTTACATT-TAGGTTTATTTAAATACCCGCACCAATTAGTGGTGATGGTGATGATGP liv ESON F1 forward 5'— CAGTTATGAAGGTGAAAATCACP liv ESON F2 forward 5'— GGACGCTGACAACGAGGCAP liv ESON F3 forward 5'— GTCCATGCAAAAAGCAGTTTTGP liv ESON R1 reverse 5'— TTACCTCCTATCACATAAGTATCP liv ESON R2 reverse 5'— GGTGTAGGGATGGAGCAGGP liv ESON R3 reverse 5'— CTAGGTGAGTAGAAGAAGATGTMUTABLE COLLAGENOUS TISSUE IN PARACENTROTUS LIVIDUS Zoosymposia 7 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 281groups, with basic groups present in the collagen molecule. In the Sirius red assay the sample was lyophilized and added to a solution of 1mg/ml pepsin in 0.5 M acetic acid at 4°C for 3 days. Undi-gested material was removed by centrifugation. The supernatant was diluted with 1.8 ml of 0.5 mM Sirius red in 0.5 M acetic acid and incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. The samples were centrifuged at 2500 g for 10 minutes and supernatant absorbance was read at 528 nm against 0.5 M acetic acid as blank. The assay was calibrated using Type I collagen purified from rat tail. The method sensitivity was found to be in the range of 5 to 40 mg/ml of collagen. Histological techniques. Intact peristomial membranes were treated with 4 M guanidine chloride in 0.05 M sodium acetate (pH 5.8) or 0.1 N NaOH to remove proteoglycans and cells. Samples were continuously stirred in one of these two solutions at 4°C for 24 h, then embedded in paraffin wax. Sections 10 µm thick were stained with Milligan’s trichrome or alcian blue at pH 2.5 (Sheehan & Hrapchak 1980) to determine if PGs and cells had been removed. Peristomial membrane in ASW was used as a control.Biomolecular characterization of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Paracentrotus lividus ten-silin. S. purpuratus full-length tensilin cDNA was isolated from the peristome tissue by means of RT-PCR using gene-specific primers designed on the sequence (acc. number: XM775549.2) available in the GenBank database (for primer sequences see Table 1). A second round of amplification was performed using an aliquot of the first reaction with two adapter primers (for primer sequences see Table 1) in order to include in the amplicon the 5' and 3' sequences necessary for the following in-vitro translation. The cDNA was gel-purified and in vitro translated using the EasyXpress Insect Kit II (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer’s specifications. In future work the protein will be tested for its collagen-aggregation capability.FIGURE 1. Transmission electron micrographs of extracted collagen fibrils from the peristomial membrane of the sea-urchin P. lividus. a, b, samples were negatively stained with PTA; c, extracted collagen treated with guanidine chloride; d, extracted collagen treated with NaOH solution. The collagen banding periodicity varied between 60 and 66 nm. Cova-lently bound PGs appear as black dots on collagen fibrils surface (arrow heads) in extracted collagen.TRICARICO ET AL.282 · Zoosymposia 7 © 2012 Magnolia PressPartial P. lividus tensilin cDNA was amplified from the peristome tissue using primers (for primer sequences see Table 1) based on the EST clone available in the GenBank database (acc. number: AM565277.1).Abbreviations. ASW, artificial sea water; EDTA, ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid; EST, Expressed Sequence Tags; GAG, glycosaminoglycan; MCT, mutable collagenous tissue; ORF, open reading FIGURE 2. Histological sections of P. lividus peristomial membrane; a, c, e: stained with Milligan’s trichrome stain (collagen fibres are stained blue and cellular elements are stained red), b, d, f: stained with alcian blue (collagen fibres are stained blue due to the presence of negatively charged PGs). a, b: ASW control; c, d: sample treated with guanidine chloride; e, f: sample treated with NaOH solution.MUTABLE COLLAGENOUS TISSUE IN PARACENTROTUS LIVIDUS Zoosymposia 7 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 283frame; PG, proteoglycan; PTA, phosphotungstic acid; RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; Tris, tris[hydroxymethyl]aminomethane; TIMP, tissue inibitors of metalloproteases; MMP, matrix metalloproteases.Results and DiscussionCollagen extraction from the peristomial membrane of the sea-urchin P. lividus was performed accord-ing to the protocol of Matsumura (1974). TEM analysis of extracted collagen fibrils stained with PTA demonstrated the effectiveness of the collagen extraction protocol on the peristomial tissue of P. lividus (Fig. 1, a-b). The collagen banding pattern of negatively stained isolated fibrils from different individuals was measured. It varied between 60 and 66 nm (mean ± SD 64.5 ± 2.6; n = 35). These val-ues are comparable to those found in the literature (Matsumura et al. 1973; Matsumura 1974; Trotter & Koob 1989) for isolated fibrils of sea-urchins and other echinoderms. Matsumura et al. (1973, 1974) first showed that whole collagen fibrils can be isolated from sea cucumbers and starfish by exposure of tissues to a disaggregating solution containing 0.5 M NaCl, 0.2 M b-mercaptoethanol, 0.05 M EDTA, 0.1 M Tris HCl, pH 8.0. Matsumura’s method was used sub-sequently to isolate fibrils from sea-urchin ligaments (Trotter & Koob 1989). We tested two different disaggregating solutions, which included 0.1 M or 0.2 M b-mercaptoethanol. We found that, although tissues began to disaggregate in 0.1 M b-mercaptoethanol, much more collagen could be extracted in 0.2 M b-mercaptoethanol. The left column of Fig. 2 shows Milligan’s trichrome-stained sections of peristomial membranes that were treated with guanidine chloride and NaOH solutions. Cellular material appears to have been unaffected by guanidine chloride but was removed entirely by NaOH. The right column of Fig. 3 shows alcian blue-stained sections of peristomial membranes that were treated with guanidine chloride and NaOH solutions. Again, whilst guanidine chloride did not affect FIGURE 3. Standard curve showing the absorbance of Sirius red at 528 nm versus concentration of type I collagen. Each point is the mean of triplicate samples and the regression coefficient for the line is 0.989.TRICARICO ET AL.284 · Zoosymposia 7 © 2012 Magnolia Pressthe intensity of staining of the collagen fibers, this was significantly reduced by NaOH. Alcian blue at pH 2.5 has a strong affinity for negatively charged GAGs and so can be considered an indirect meas-ure of GAG and PG content. This is further confirmed by TEM analysis of extracted collagen fibrils treated with guanidine chloride and NaOH solutions and stained with cuprolinic blue (Fig. 1 c-d). Guanidine chloride removes non-covalently bound PGs from collagen fibrils, such as those of the echinoid spine ligament (Trotter & Koob 1989). Since it had no discernible effect on the peristomial membrane, it appears that covalently bound PGs dominate in this tissue.Figure 3 shows the calibration curve of type I collagen, which indicates a straight-line relationship between absorbance and collagen concentration. The mean wet and dry weights of peristomial mem-branes of P. lividus were found to be 57.07 ± 13.23 mg and 31.92 ± 2.01 mg respectively. The mean total collagen extracted from a single peristomial membrane was found to be 615.04 ± 254.72 mg/ml of solution (Table 2). This spectrophotometric quantification using the dye Sirius red confirmed the effectiveness of the extraction protocol. We found that from a single peristomial membrane of dry weight ca. 30 mg we could extract up to 1 mg of collagen, which is comparable with literature data concerning collagen quantification by different methods (e.g., hydroxyproline test: Bergman & Loxley 1963). Sirius red is a reliable, easy and inexpensive method requiring low cost reagents and equipment and might be used for quantification of the total collagen content in tissues as an alterna-tive to other more expensive methods.Preliminary data were obtained on the biomolecular characterization of tensilin. We extracted the total mRNA from the peristomial membranes of S. purpuratus and P. lividus and successfully isolated the sequence encoding tensilin. S. purpuratus and P. lividus tensilin is characterized by the presence of a conserved domain of the TIMP-like subfamily (NTR domain, Fig. 4). Such domains are essential regulators of extracellular matrix turnover and remodeling. They form complexes with MMPs and FIGURE 4. Alignment of a fragment of the two tensilin sequences cloned from S. purpuratus and P. lividus in compari-son with known NTR domains of the TIMP-like subfamily in other species. 1. chain T, crystal structure of the Mt1–Mmp–Timp-2 Complex [Bos taurus]; 2. tensilin [Cucumaria frondosa]; 3. tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases, isoform B [Dros-ophila melanogaster]; 4. similar to tensilin [Strongylocentrotus purpuratus]; 5. EST tensilin-like [Paracentrotus lividus].TABLE 2. Wet weight, dry weight, and collagen content of six peristomial membranes. Total collagen levels were ex-pressed as mg/ml of collagen solution extracted from a single peristomial membrane.Sample Wet weight (mg) Dry weight (mg) Total collagen (mg/ml)1 55.2 33.0 522.02 50.6 30.0 519.43 40.2 29.0 302.94 60.6 33.5 694.25 55.7 32.0 587.26 80.1 34.0 1064.6Mean ± SD 57.1 ± 13.2 31.9 ± 2.0 615.0 ± 254.7MUTABLE COLLAGENOUS TISSUE IN PARACENTROTUS LIVIDUS Zoosymposia 7 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 285inactivate them irreversibly by non-covalently binding their active zinc-binding sites. This is consist-ent with Tipper and co-workers hypothesis that the tensilin of the holothurian Cucumaria frondosa works as a TIMP, inhibits the MMPs and causes the stiffening of the tissue (Tipper et al. 2003).In the near future, we intend to investigate the collagen-aggregation ability of these proteins using techniques previously applied to other mutable collagenous structures (Trotter et al. 1996; Tamori et al. 2006).This work is part of a wider project that is exploring the potential of MCT to inspire, and pro-vide biomimetic materials for, economically relevant biotechnological and clinical applications that require the controlled and reversible plasticization and/or stiffening of connective tissues.AcknowledgementsThe present work has received financial support from the Cariplo Foundation (MIMESIS Project).ReferencesBergman, I. & Loxley, R. (1963) Two improved and simplified methods for the spectrophotometric determination of hydroxyproline. Analytical Chemistry, 35(12), 1961–1965.Matsumura, T., Shinmei, M. & Nagai, Y. (1973) Disaggregation of connective tissue: preparation of fibrous components from sea cucumber body wall and calf skin. The Journal of Biochemistry, 73, 155–162.Matsumura, T. (1974) Collagen fibrils of the sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus: purification and morphological study. Connective Tissue Research, 2, 117–125.Motokawa, T. (1984) Connective tissue catch in echinoderms. Biological Reviews, 59, 255–270.Sheehan, D. & Hrapchak, B. (1980) Theory and practice of Histotechnology, 2nd Edition. Battelle Press, Ohio, 481 pp.Tamori, M., Yamada, A., Nishida, N., Motobayashi, Y., Oiwa, K. & Motokawa, T. (2006) Tensilin-like stiffening protein from Holothuria leucospilota does not induce the stiffest state of catch connective tissue. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 209, 1594–1602.Taşkiran, D., Taşkiran, E., Yercan, Y. & Kutay, F.Z. (1999) Quantification of total collagen in rabbit tendon by the Sirius Red Method. Analytical Biochemistry, 150, 86–90.Tipper, J.P., Lyons-Levy, G.L., Atkinson, M. & Trotter, J.A. (2003) Purification, characterization and cloning of tensilin, the collagen-fibril binding and tissue-stiffening factor from Cucumaria frondosa dermis. Matrix Biology, 21, 625–635.Trotter, J.A. & Koob, T.J. (1989) Collagen and proteoglycan in a sea-urchin ligament with mutable mechanical properties. Cell Tissue Research, 258, 527–539.Trotter, J.A., Lyons-Levi, G., Luna, D., Koob, T.J., Keene, D.R. & Atkinson M.A. (1996) Stiparin: a glycoprotein from sea cucumber dermis that aggregates collagen fibrils. Matrix Biology, 15, 99–110.Wilkie, I.C., Candia Carnevali, M.D. & Andrietti, F. (1993) Variable tensility of the peristomial membrane of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 105 A, 493–501.Wilkie, I.C., Candia Carnevali, M.D. & Trotter, J.A. (2004) Mutable collagenous tissue: recent progress and an evo-lutionary perspective. In: Heinzeller, P. & Nebelsick, J.H. (Eds.), Echinoderms: München: Proceedings of the 11th International Echinoderm Conference, Munich, Germany, 6-10 October 2003. Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp. 371–378.

New insights into the mutable collagenous tissue of Paracentrotus lividus : preliminary results

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New insights into the mutable collagenous tissue of Paracentrotus lividus : preliminary results

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