Jones, J. Benton Jr.

Mederski, H. J.

Musgrave, Orlo L.

KnowledgeBank at OSU

Research Bulletin 919 July 1962 CROPS and cropping sequences as related to SOIL TYPES J. Benton Jones, Jr. 0. L. Musgrove H. J. Mederski OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION WOOSTER, OHIO This page intentionally blank.CROPS AND CROPPING SEQUENCES AS RELATED TO SOIL TYPE ). Benton Jones, Jr., 0. L. Musgrave~ and H. J. Mederski 1 INTRODUCTION Every soil sample submitted to th,e Agricultural Extension Service Soil Testing Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio is accompanied by a question-naire which describes the 'SOil type and Cropping sequence which this sample represents. 'This bulletin is a 'Summarization of 104,041 question-naires submitted by Ohio farmers between July 1, 1956 and July 1, 1959 relating cropping sequence with 'SOil type. This bulletin provides information not included in Agricultural Census figures which are normally reported by county; therefore, the information is unique 'since it relates cropping sequence with soil type. PROCEDURE AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS Information from the questionnaires was placed on IBM cards, which used to process the data into the various tables cited in the text2• ,Figure 1 shows the location of the major 'Soil types. The heavy lines delineate regions of major soil divisions. Within these regions, the light lines delineate the major soil type areas3• Thereare 15 major soil types4 given in ,Figure 1, the numbers refering to the soil type area as given in the accompanying table. 1Assistant Professor; Extension Agronomist and Associate Professor, The Ohio State University; and Professor of Agronomy, The Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. 2The authors are indebted to Dr. C. R. Weav&r, Statfo11 Statistician, and the staff of the Stati sties Laboratory 1 Ohio Agricultura I Experiment Station for assistance in processing these data. 3See "Fertility Status of Ohio Soils" by Jones, J. B., Mederski, H. J. and Musgrave, 0. L. Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. Res. Bul. 894, 1961. 4Morse, H. H. and Bone, S. 1958. Understanding Ohio Soils. Ohio Agr. Ext. Service B ul. 368. 3 Figures 2 through 5 show the percentage of crop land devoted to com, soybeans, small grain, and meadow or pasture, respectively, by major soil type. Figures 6 through 8 show the percentage of crop land devoted to continuous com, permanent pasture and rotation cropping, respectively, by major soil type. These figures are giv:en to provide the the reader with a general panaromic view of crop land utilization for four agronomic crops grown in Ohio and three ·selected agronomic crop-ping ·sequences. For more detailed information, reference should be made to the tables. The tables give the percentage of crop land devoted to a particular cropping sequence by soil type. In. Table 1, ·the percentage of crop land devoted to 11 cropping sequences is given for 59 soil types. In Table 2, the percentage of crop land devoted to tobacco, tomatoes and sugar beets is given by soil type. The percentage of crop land devoted to row crops is greater in western Ohio than eastern and southern Ohio. In northwest Ohio, com-and soybeans occupy 30 to 50 percent of the crop land (Figures 2 and . 3). By contrast, meadow and pasture occupy from 50 to 80 percent of crop land in the extreme southern and eastern half of Ohio (Figure 5). The percentage of crop land in com and small grains is fairiy constant over the state except for the extreme southern and so1;1theastem parts (Figures 2 and. 4). The percentage of crop land devoted to continuous com ranges from 1·to 5 percent over most of the state except in northwest Ohio and along the lake where the perc.entag~s are 10 and 12 percent, respectively, (Figure 6). Sizable percentages of th·e crop land in com is continuous com. Using the percentages given· in figures 2 and 6, 5 to 30 percent of the crop land in com was found to be in continuous com. The highest per-centages occur in the Hoytville (26%) and Lacustrine (30%) series soils, while the lowest percentages are to be found in the Blanchester (5%) and Cambridge (6%) soil series. For the remaining major soil series, the per-centage of corn land in continuous· corn· ranges from 8 to 14 petcent. For the entire state, inCiuding all soil types listed in· Table 1, 22 .Percent· of the corn land in Ohio is in continuous com. Sizeable portions of the bottom land or terrace soils are in continuous com. The percentag~ figures for these .soils may be found in Taqle ~. Crop land devoted to soybeans is almo·st entirely limited to north-west Ohio (Figure 3). Rotations includirig ·soybeans occupy from 25 to 75 percent of the cropland in the Lake Plain area (Table 1). 4 · In Ohio, 67 to 97 percent of the crop l~d is devoted to rotation farming (Figure 8). Northwest Ohio has the largest proportion of land in rotation. The smallest proportion of land in rotation is found in southern and ·southeastern Ohio due to the sizeable portion of the crop land in perinartent pasture (Figure 7). On the average, corn-smallgrain-meadow, corn-soybeans-smallgrain-meadow, and corn-smallgrain-meadow-meadow,are ·the most frequently used rotations over the entire state (Tabfe 1). However, in particular areas, specific rotations are used more frequently than others. For instance, corn-oats-wheat-meadow is widely used only in northeast Ohio, while in western Ohio, corn-corn-smallgrain-meadow is more fre-quently used than elsewhere~ DISCUSSION The cropping sequences employed by Ohio fanners tend to follow the topography characteristics of the land. The level plain soils in western and central Ohio are devoted largely to row crops. In the rolling hill counties in south.ern and eastern Ohio, the percentage of crop land in meadows and permanent pastures is high. The hazards of erosion limit the !re~uez:tcy of row crops in these areas. Of ~articular interest are the fairly large percentages of com land devoted to continuous com. Even in the rolling hill areas of Ohio, sizeable percentages (10 to 15 per cent) of com land are being continuously cropped. However, much of this com is located on the terraces and bottom lands (See Table 1). The cropping sequences employed by farmers on ·specific soil types within the major ·soil areas vary considerably (Table 1). For example, in the Lake Plain area, the percentage of crop land devoted to continuous com varies from 1 to 16 percent. Much of this variation is probably due to local soil characteristics, par tlcularly texture and drainage. The heavy Paulding-Latty soils are poorly drained, while the light texture.d Ottokee-:Tedrow soils are well drained. The heavy Paulding-Latty soils, being more difficult to manage, are less frequently plowed and cultivated. In addition . to these agronomic factors which influence cropping sequences employed by the Ohio .f~rmer, availability of markets and government regulation also exert their influence. An estimate of. these influences is beyond the scope.of this bulletin. : ~· 5 TABLE 1 .... :Percentage of crop land devoted to 11. cr~pping sequences catagorized by soil type • • •• • I • ~ ---I i I ··~ c ~ '6. ~ 0 0 ·~ I 0 I 0 , , , , . a a c 1:,1 c a Cll Cll a· c Cll '6 ~ Cll ~ lit ~ E E .. E ~ ~ 0 .., ~ .., .:. tn .. 0 a. E c .. Ill c C"C :I· '2 ·a 1' .• '2 :a ·- a .... , E 0 Ill Cll Ill a gCII 1:1 Cll Ill a a u c tn .c· c ·E . tn Ei g,E a Cll wt 1:1 a Jl.• E Ill Cll ~ Cll~ ~~ "'~ I -· :I ..a c =3'; ::;~ .... Cll 0 Ill. . ..a 0 Eo co c 0 >- .... ~ ao .. , Cll E :I 0 E 1:1 o-c. E-c Oa e-c c -.;: ~ c Ill "' 0 lila ua lila UCII Ill a a .., -.;: I I 1 Cl) I G) I G) es I Cll I ..a E E c ee EE Ee E E E tn c 0 ... c E 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cll 0 :a Soil type u u u u u. u u ~ u ll.. ...1 :z Hoytv i lie· Toledo 4 3 10 4 40 8 5 2 1 0 2 . 6846 Nappanee-Fulton 6 3· ·11 ·5 39 9 6 2 1 0 0 4015 "' Wauseon-Granby 13 6 13 7 24. 11 5 2 1 0 0 2215 R imer-S'eward-Ottokee- 16 7 15 10 19 10 5 1 0 2 3 789 Tedrow Pau ld in g-L atty 1 3 8 1 76 2 3 0 0 0 1 99.7 Roselms 3 1 10' 2 59 3 13 1 1 1 3 268 Pewano 3 2 14 5 . 31 12 16 6 2 2 2 3889 Blount 3 2 15 6 31 12 16 4 2 2 2 7163 Morley 2 1 15 9 28 10 17 4 3 1 2 5047 Brookston-Kokolo 4 1 27 1 24 14 13 5 1 4 3 6276 Crosby 1 3 28 1 22 15 13 4 2 3 3 6364 Miami-Celina 3 1 33 1 .14' 11 18 3 2 6 5 7563 Brookston· Ragsdale 5 0 34 0· 3• 22 14 9 0 6 3 860 F incastle-Reesvi lie 4 0 35 0 4 20 16 8 3 7 3 1462 Burkbt!lck-Russeii-Xenia 2 0 33 , 3 ·12 21 6 3 11 7 2430 Blanchester 0 0 14 0 6 8 26 7 4 9 10 273 Clermont-Avonburg 2 0 21 0 14 6 28 4 4 8 9 1660 -.....! TABLE 1.-continued-Percentage of crop land devoted to 11 cropping sequences catagori.zed by soil type -- I Soil type Wadsworth-Trumbull Wayne-Rittman Cambridge-Vermango 7-B-3 7-B-2 Chippewa Ravenna-Trumbull Wooster·C~nfield Muskingum-Keene· Wellston Meigs-Musk in gum Westmoreland-Muskingum Upshur Muskingum-Westmoreland-Meigs No. 145 E 0 u Ill :I 0 :I ~ r:: 0 u 2 2 1 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 Westland-Abginton-Pitchin- 12 Sebewa Ill r:: c (!) ..0 ~ ~ r:: 0 u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~ 0 "'C c (!) ~ r:: c ;; c E Ill ' r::0 u 6 10 7 10 13 17 12 17 11 8 3 6 4 8 23 ~ 0 "'C 0 Q) ~ 0 (!) ..r:: ~ Ill c 9 r:: 0 U· 28 26 22 18 11 21 29 29 5 2 1 1 1 5 r:: ~ Cl = c E Ill I Ill r:: c ~~ >.0 O"'C Ill 0 I (!) E E 0 u 2 1 1 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 ' ·= ~ r:n c E Ill ' ~ E o O"'C y 0 r:: Q) .. E 0 u 2 2 1 7 1 3 3 3 0 0 1 1 6 20 i .g 0 Q) E ·= c;; c ~ E o 111-c I 0 r:: Ill (; E u 21 24 16 17 20 16 16 19 19 12 15 9 11 11 11 I r:: "2 ~ r:no -"'C - c 0 Q) ffi i I ~ E o 0,., y g E E 0 u 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 4 i "'C c (!) ~ ~ r:: 0 ·- "'C c c .. (!) ~i - ~ c 0 E-c Ill 0 ' Q) ~ E u 12 8 20 10 15 3 6 5 9 7 7 7 5 5 2 ~ .2 Ill 0 Q. .. r:: Q) r:: 0 E a; n. 14 10 16 16 20 25 16 9 26 29 29 33 34 43 2 ~ 0 "'C g E (!) E ~ en r:: 0 .J 11 12 14 10 17 7 10 10 27 40 42 41 42 25 3 Ill C1l a. E c ·Ill -0 ~ Q) ..0 E :I z 871 1404 311 254 986 3337 7982 2123 421 346 1527 1392 893 TABLE 1 • .;..continued-Percent.age of crop land devoted to 11 cropping sequences catagoriz,d by soil type c I I ~ ~ ·~ il: ~ 0 0 Dl I 0 I 0 -c -c -c -c c c .5 c c c Q) Q) c c Q) ·~ ~ Q) il: Ill li li E c. E li 0 ! il: Q) Dlo Q. E c ... ~ c - -c c-c a 0 E c - c ·- c -c 0 Ill E Q) Ill c c c Q) c Q) Ill c c u c ..c c E .. ~ li C.!i 8. 411 Ill c Dl ~ c Dl E Ul Q) j il: ~ ~ = il: = ~ ... :I ..a I ~ ... 0 0 >- c Ul >-0 E o c 0 E o c 0 c Q) .... Ql E Ill :I 0 E c o-c o-c e-c o-c e-c c .. c ~ Ul 9 Ul c y g Ul c u c Ul c 4i= Q) I I Q) I Q) I Q) I Q) c 1 ... c E E E E E E E E E E E E E Dl c .. ~ c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :I .Soil type u u u u u U· u u u a.. -I ~ Cincinnati-Rossmoyne-. 1 0 17 0 5 4 23 3 3 15 14 2447 (X) Jessup-Grayford-Edenton Fairmont-Maddox-He itt· B ratton-H agers-T own• Cedarville 1 0 5 0 0 2 17 3 9 22 28 374 Marengo 3 0 22 8 20 10 19 3 2 4 6 1157 Condit· Bennington 2 1 19 11 20 7 20 3 3 6 6 2372 Alexandria-Cardington 2 1 24 10 11 7 23 2 3 7 9 3192 Hanover- Fa llsburg-Mi II wood- 1 0 40 3 0 0 19 0 6 12 20 550 Loudon vi lie Olmsted-Lorain,·.F.ries- 12 0 13 15 24 6 5 0 0 0 8 250 Monroevi lie Canadi a-Can ad ice-P ai nes· 12 0 22 13 16 5 6 0 0 6 10 203 ville-Wilmer P lainfi.eld-Coloma 12 0 26 9 9 6 7 0 0 10 12 196 Trumbu 11-Mahoning 2 0 9 17 4 2 22 2 13 14 15 1840 Ellsworth 2 ~· 0 9 0 7 2 8 1 11 9 13 1498 TABlE 1.-continued-Percentage of crop land devoted to 11 cropping sequences catagorized ·by soil type Soil type Montgomery-Fox-Ockley--o Millcreek . Chi lo-Lurciy-Reynolds-Biago Sebring-Purdy Mentor·G len ford-Hoi ston• Monogahela-Eik-Captina Sloan-Wabash-Algiers Genessee-Ross-Shoals-Defiance Elkins-Dunning Wayland-Atkins-Melvin Huntington-linside-Po.P.e-Phi lo-Chagrin-Lobdell Carl is le-Wi llette-Kerston-Edward s-Warn!'rS• Tawas Average E 0 u Ill :I 0 :I s:::: += s:::: 0 u 7 13 6 1 21 18 19 11 14 59 6.6 Ill s:::: 0 (I) ...0 >. 0 Ill I. s:::: 0 u 0 0 2 2 0 3 2.1 ~ 0 "'tl 0 Q) ~ .: 0 .. •tn c E "' E 0 u 24 18 17 20 18 18 16 17 17 7 16.4 ~ 0 "1:1 g E .t. 0 Q) ..s: ~ Ill .... r::s 9 f; 0 u 2 7 9 8 0 4 7 3 8.5 I .!: 2 tn D E "' Ill s:::: 0 ~ ~ >.0 o-c Ill c I Q) E E 0 u 15 6 5 0 14 14 3 4 2 6 15.0 I s:::: .E Dl r::s E Ill I ~ E o O"'tl u c I (!) E E 0 u 15 8 6 0 16 17 10 5 8 4 7.7 ~ () "'tl 0 (!) E .!: c a, = ~ 0 0 E-c Ill c I Q) E E 0 u 16 14 23 20 10 9 14 16 16 6 15.0 I .: ::! ~ 010 _-c - 0 c (I) E E II) I I ~ E o o-c u 0 I (I) E E 0 u 6 2 2 0 4 4 4 2 4 0 3.1 i 0 "'tl 0 Q) ~ ~ .E"] 2 (!) tnE = i 0 0 E"'tl Ill c I (!) E E 0 u 3 5 6 1 2 2 3 4 6 5.0 ~ .a Ill 8. ..... s:::: Q) s:::: 0 E Qj ll.. 4 10 12 9 3 3 10 17 9 11.8 ~ 0 "1:1 c Q) E (I) E .-i tn s:::: 0 ..J 4 13 12 16 3 4 10 13 17 12.2 Ill ..! c.. E c Ill '0 ~ Q) ...0 E :I z 1150 615 504 1440 936 1408 1083 462 1623 340 TABLE 2.-Percentage of crop land devoted to tobacco, tomatoes, or sugar beets either in continuous culture or rotation catagorized by soiltype Cropping Sequence Tobacco Soil Type Continuous • Rotation Tomatoes Sugar be.ets In rotation In rotation Hoytvi IJe.;. Toledo Nappanee-Fulton Wauseon-Granby Rimer-Seward-Ottokee- Tedrow Pewamo Blount Morley Crosby Blanchester 8 Clermont-Avonburg l Cincinnati·Rossmoyne-Jessup• 9 Grayford-Edenton Fairmount-Maddox-Heitt• 6 Bratton-Hagerstown-Cedarvi lie Westland-Abington-Pitch in· Sebewa-Montgomery Sloan-Wabash-Algiers Genessee-Ross-Shoals-Defiance Carl is le-Willette-Kerston-..E.dwards-Warners-Tawa·s 10 6 3 8 5 3 2 1 1 2 6 4 4 2 KEY TO MAP 1. Roselms Paulding Latty 2. Hoytvi lie Toledo Nappanee Fulton Lake Plain Belmore Tedrow Rimer Granby Wauseon Glaciated Clay Loam Till 3. Morley Blount Pewamo Glaciated Loam Till 4. Miami . Celina Crosby Brookston Glaciated Loam THI with Silt Mantle 5. Fincastle Xenia Russell Reesville Brookston, Ragsdale Illinois Glaciated Loam Till 6. Blanchester Rossmoyne Avon burg Clennont Residual Limestone Cincinnati Loudon Gray ford Edenton 7. Bratton Burgin Fairmount Hagerstown Cedarville Haddox 11 8. Canadea Lorain Olmsted Lacustrine Plainfield Chenango Wilmer Glaciated Limestone 9. Cardington Bennington-Condit Marengo Glaciated Clay 1 O. Mahoning Trumbull Elsworth Glaciated Sandstone and Shale 11. Cambridge Varango Alden Glaciated Shale and .Sandstone SCL Till 12. Wadsworth Rittman Wayne Glaciated Sandston~ 13. Wooster Canfield Ravenna Chippewa Illinois Glaciated Sandstone and Shale 14. Hanover Fallsburg Millwood Loudon vi lie Residual Sandstone and Shale 15. Muskingum Wellston Keene Westmoreland Muskingum Meigs-Muskin gum Upshur Westmoreland Meigs-Muskingum Figure 1. Maior Soil Types. 12 Figure 2. Percentage of crop land devoted to com. 13 Figure 3. Percentage of crop land devoted to soybeans. 14 Figure·4. Percentage of crop land devoted to small grain. 15 Figure 5. Percentage of crop land devoted to rotation meadow or pasture. 16 Figure 6. Percentage of crop land devoted to conti.nuous corn culture. 17 Figure 7. Percentage of crop land in permanent pasture. 18 Figure 8. Percentage of crop land in rotation with two or more crops. 19 6-62-3M This page intentionally blank.

Crops and cropping sequences as related to soil types

https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/1811/62717/1/OARDC_research_bulletin_n0919.pdf

Crops and cropping sequences as related to soil types

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

KnowledgeBank at OSU