Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, 201

Alves, Luna Gripp Simões

Armijos, E.

Filizola, Naziano Pantoja

Martinez, Jean Michel

Santos, Andre Luis Martinelli Real dos

Undetermined

Andre Luis Martinelli Real dos Santos

Jean Michel Martinez

Naziano Pantoja Filizola

Elisa Armijos

Luna Gripp Simões Alves

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Comptes Rendus Geoscience

Purus River suspended sediment variability and contributions to the Amazon River from satellite data (2000–2015)

The Purus River is one of the major tributaries of Solimões River in Brazil, draining an area of 370,091 km2 and stretching over 2765 km. Unlike those of the other main tributaries of the Amazon River, the Purus River's sediment discharge is poorly characterized. In this study, as an alternative to the logistic difficulties and considering high monitoring costs, we report an experiment where field measurement data and 2700 satellite (MODIS) images are combined to retrieve both seasonal and interannual dynamics in terms of the Purus river sediment discharge near its confluence with the Solimões River. Field radiometric and hydrologic measurements were acquired during 18 sampling trips, including 115 surface water samples and 61 river discharge measurements. Remote sensing reflectance gave important results in the red and infrared levels. They were very well correlated with suspended sediment concentration. The values of R2 are greater than 0.8 (red band) and 0.9 (NIR band). A retrieval algorithm based on the reflectance in both the red and the infrared was calibrated using the water samples collected for the determination of the surface-suspended sediment concentration (SSS). The algorithm was used to calculate 16 years of SSS time series with MODIS images at the Purus River near its confluence with the Solimões River. Results from satellite data correlated with in situ SSS values validate the use of satellite data to be used as a tool to monitor SSS in the Purus River. We evidenced a very short and intense sediment discharge pulse with 55% of the annual sediment budget discharged during the months of January and February. Using river discharge records, we calculated the mean annual sediment discharge of the Purus River at about of 17 Mt·yr−1. © 2017 Académie des science

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The Purus River is one of the major tributaries of Solimoes River in Brazil, draining an area of 370,091 km(2) and stretching over 2765 km. Unlike those of the other main tributaries of the Amazon River, the Purus River's sediment discharge is poorly characterized. In this study, as an alternative to the logistic difficulties and considering high monitoring costs, we report an experiment where field measurement data and 2700 satellite (MODIS) images are combined to retrieve both seasonal and interannual dynamics in terms of the Purus river sediment discharge near its confluence with the Solimoes River. Field radiometric and hydrologic measurements were acquired during 18 sampling trips, including 115 surface water samples and 61 river discharge measurements. Remote sensing reflectance gave important results in the red and infrared levels. They were very well correlated with suspended sediment concentration. The values of R-2 are greater than 0.8 (red band) and 0.9 (NIR band). A retrieval algorithm based on the reflectance in both the red and the infrared was calibrated using the water samples collected for the determination of the surface-suspended sediment concentration (SSS). The algorithm was used to calculate 16 years of SSS time series with MODIS images at the Purus River near its confluence with the Solimoes River. Results from satellite data correlated with in situ SSS values validate the use of satellite data to be used as a tool to monitor SSS in the Purus River. We evidenced a very short and intense sediment discharge pulse with 55% of the annual sediment budget discharged during the months of January and February. Using river discharge records, we calculated the mean annual sediment discharge of the Purus River at about of 17 Mt.yr(-1)

dos Santos, Almr

Martinez, Jean-Michel

Filizola, N. P.

Alves, L. G. S.

Horizon / Pleins textes

Purus River suspended sediment variability and contributions to the Amazon River from satellite data (2000-2015)

Comptes Rendus Géoscience

ForRichthethesoil(BaZonundinteprotionbecbutantenvtoridiffOZC(wwresBolwhsedsinfromnettwotogvarOcethelogmefluxandTheC. R. Geoscience 350 (2018) 1–3§10.1163ewordvers of the Andes and the Amazon Basin: Deciphering globalange from the hydroclimatic variability in the critical zone§The Critical Zone has been defined as the thin layer of continental surfaces extending from fresh bedrock and bottom of groundwater up to vegetation canopy, where, rock, water, air, and living organisms interactnwart et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2011). Despite the Criticale’s importance to terrestrial life, it remains poorlyerstood. In this context, understanding the complexractions between physical, chemical, and biologicalcesses of the Critical Zone requires long-term observa-s (Anderson et al., 2012; Brantley et al., 2017), not onlyause different mechanisms have varying time frames, also because it is necessary to monitor its natural andhropogenic evolution in response to global climate andironmental changes.Today, several French regional environmental observa-es carry out research and long-term monitoring oferent compartments of the Critical Zone within theAR network. The HYBAM Observation Servicew.so-hybam.org) is a critical zone observatory thatults from a cooperation between France, Brazil, Peru,ivia, Equator, Venezuela, and the Republic of the Congo,ich collects and disseminates data on the hydrological,imentary, and geochemical fluxes in the Amazon Basin,ce 2003, at nearly 40 hydrometric stations distributed the Andean Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean. Thework also includes two stations in French Guiana and stations on the Congo and Orinoco Rivers, which allether contribute to an improved understanding of theiability of continental flows to the tropical Atlantican. Due to these characteristics, HYBAM observatory is only observation system able to monitor the hydro-ical extreme events in the whole Amazon Basin, toasure its impacts on sedimentary and geochemicales.Since 2005, the HYBAM observatory organizes scientific technical meetings in different Amazonian countries. 6th HYBAM scientific meeting, held in Cuzco, Peru, in2015, gathered scientists interested in the studies of largeriver basins.The eight papers from the meeting selected for thisthematic issue address different questions related to thegreat rivers and floodplain lakes. Several disciplines areconcerned: hydrology, remote sensing, sedimentology,geomorphology, and geochemistry, showing the multidis-ciplinary of large river basin studies.In this issue, three papers are presented, using remotesensing images to monitor suspended sediment transportin rivers. The first one, by Espinoza-Villar et al. (2018, thisissue), is an important contribution about the transport ofthe suspended sediments in the western Amazon basin.The results point out the importance of sediment re-suspension in floodplain lakes in the annual sedimentdischarge balance of the Amazonas–Solimões River main-stream system. The paper also puts in evidence theefficiency of satellite data to assess river solid dischargein large basins where conventional monitoring networkdata are scarce. The second article, by Martinelli et al.(2018, this issue), also investigates suspended sedimenttransport using MODIS satellite images in a tributary of theAmazon River basin showing complex hydraulic processessuch as backwater effects of the Solimões River mainstream. The authors used MODIS image time-series toestimate a 16-year time series of suspended sedimentconcentrations at the Purus River surface, making itpossible to estimate a mean annual sediment dischargeabout 16106 tonyr1. The third article, by Santiago Yepezet al. (2018, this issue) reports the relationships betweenLansat-8 satellite data and suspended sediment concen-tration in the Orinoco River. The result shows the goodquality of the OLI sensor images as an efficient tool toanalyze the suspended sediment transport patterns alongthe Orinoco River.Two papers have focused their efforts on a betterunderstanding of the confluence zone of the Negro andSolimões Rivers, both using different acoustic sensors. Thefirst one, by Gualtieri et al. (2018, this issue) studied thehydrodynamic and sediment transport at the confluence.Thematic issue handled by François Chabaux, Associate Editor.Contents lists available at ScienceDirectComptes Rendus Geoscienceww w.s c ien c edi r ec t . c om016/j.crte.2018.01.0011-0713/C 2018 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Académie des sciences.Foreword / C. R. Geoscience 350 (2018) 1–32The results confirm that common hydrodynamic featuresnoted in previous confluence studies, such as stagnationzone, velocity deflection and realignment zone, separationregion with recirculation, maximum velocity, and flowrecovery region, were observed herein. The authors pointout some differences between low-flow and high-flowconditions about the transfer of momentum from theSolimões to the Negro side of the Amazon Channel. Thesecond one, by Ianniruberto et al. (2018, this issue), puts inevidence the bed morphology and stratigraphy within adeep section of the largest river on Earth. The authorsidentified in the Amazon several classic morphologicfeatures expected to be observed under natural confluencezones, such as a stagnation, deposition, erosion, andsedimentary bedforms on the Solimões side of the AmazonRiver. They also put in evidence the geologic andhydrologic settings of the confluence that are responsiblefor such a special behavior of the site. The local dynamicare strongly controlled by structural aspects as well ascontrolled by the backwater effects resulted by the powerof the Solimões current against the one from the Negro.Finally, Ianniruberto et al. (2018, this issue) also showedhow an array of different acoustic sensors can be useful fora morphology and stratigraphy study in that kind ofconditions. They also recommend more data collection fora better behavior understanding in different periods of thehydrological cycle.The paper by Quintana-Cobo et al. (2018, this issue)covers an interesting and relevant topic in hydrogeology,describing the dynamics of floodplain lakes of the Ucayaliand Marañon Rivers in western Amazonia. Four sedimentcores were used to better understand the impact ofchannel migration processes and climate change on thedepositional dynamics of the floodplain lakes of the UpperAmazon Basin during the Late Holocene. The results showthat sedimentation in Ucayali floodplain lakes was markedby variations during the late Holocene, with periods ofintense hydrodynamic energy and abrupt accumulations,and periods of more lacustrine conditions. On the otherhand, in the Marañón River, floodplain lakes exhibit adifferent sedimentary environment of low hydrodynamics,and no intense migration process was experienced duringthe last 600 cal yr BP.The following paper, from Albéric et al. (2018, thisissue), explores the links between the mainstream, thetributaries, and the floodplain, using a detailed spatial andtemporal sampling strategy in order to describe howDissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) from various potentialsources might be transported into the river in relation withthe flood pulse. The results point out three specific zonesbetween the Negro River confluence and the Tapajós Rivermouth based on the d13C-DOC variations: upstream of the Rio Negro and the Rio Solimõesconfluence, where no seasonal variation was observed; upstream of Itacoatiara (Rio Madeira mouth), higherd13C-DOC values were observed during the falling waterperiod, but the origin of this 13C-enrichment remains tobe determined unambiguously; downstream the Rio Madeira mouth, where an increasein the plankton contribution to DOC leads to a seasonalpattern with lower d13C-DOC values during high andfalling water periods, and higher values during lowwaters.These results demonstrate the very complex biogeo-chemical processes that take place between river andfloodplain systems.The study by Moquet et al. (2018, this issue) present anunprecedented dataset of river chemistry from 28 Andeanrivers distributed along the Ecuadorian and PeruvianPacific coast (18N and 188S), a region characterized by astrong climatic gradient and usually impacted by El Niñoevents. The authors estimated an annual flux of totaldissolved solids from the Andes to the Pacific Ocean ofabout 30 Mtonyr1.All these original research articles based on multidisci-plinary approaches – mainstream, tributaries, flow plainand confluence during high-flow and low-flow periods –across the HYBAM Observation Service, promotes a betterunderstanding of large river environment in tropical SouthAmerica, in response to global climate.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration ofcompeting interest.ReferencesAlbéric, P., Pérez, M.A.P., Moreira-Turcq, P., Benedetti, M.F., Bouillon, S.,Abril, G., 2018. Variation of dissolved organic carbon isotopic com-position during the runoff cycle in the Amazon River and floodplains.C. R. Geosci. (this issue).Anderson, S.P., Anderson, R.S., Tucker, G.E., 2012. Landscape scale linkagesin critical zone evolution. C.R. Geosci. 344, 586–596.Banwart, S., Menon, M., Bernasconi, S.M., Bloem, J., Blum, W.E.H., Maia deSouza, D., Davidsdotir, B., Duffy, C., Lair, G.J., Kram, P., Lamacova, A.,Lundin, L., Nicolaidis, N.P., Noval, M., Panagos, P., Vala Ragnasdottir,K., Reynolds, B., Robinson, D., Rousseva, S., de Rutler, P., de Ruiter, P.,van Gaans, P., Weng, L., White, T., Zhang, B., 2012. Soil processes andfunctions across an international network of Observatories. C.R.Geosci. 344, 758–772.Brantley, S.L., McDowell, W.H., Dietrich, W.E., White, T.S., Kumar, P.,Anderson, S., Chorover, J., Lohse, K.A., Bales, R.C., Richter, D., Grant,G., Gaillardet, J., 2017. Designing a network of critical zone observa-tories to explore the living skin of the terrestrial Earth. Earth SurfaceDynam. 5, 841–860.Espinoza-Villar, R., Martinez, J.-M., Armijos, E., Espinoza, J.C., Filizola, N.,Dos Santos, A., Willems, B., Fraizy, P., Santini, W., Vauchel, P., 2018.Spatio-Temporal Monitoring of suspended sediment in the SolimõesRiver (2000-2014). C. R. Geosci. (this issue).Gualtieri, C., De Oliveira, M., Filizola, N., Martinelli, A., Santos, A., Iannir-uberto, M., 2018. A field study of the confluence between Negro andSolimões Rivers. Part 1: Hydrodynamics and sediment transport. C.R.Geosci. 350, (this issue).Ianniruberto, M., Trevethan, M., Pinheiro, A., Andrad, J.F., Dantas, E.,Filizola, N., Santos, A., Gualtieri, C., 2018. A field study of the conflu-ence between Negro and Solimões Rivers. Part 2: bed morphology andstratigraphy. C.R. Geosci. 350, (this issue).Lin, H., Hopmans, J.W., de Richter, D.B., 2011. Interdisciplinary sciences ina global network of critical zone observatories. Vadose Zone J. 10,781–785, doi:10.2136/vzj2011.0084.Martinelli, A.L., Martinez, J.-M., Filizola, N., Armijos, E., Simões Alve, L.G.,2018. Purus River suspended sediment variability and contributionsto the Amazon River, from satellite data (2000–2015). C.R. Geosci.350, (this issue).Moquet, J.-S., Guyot, J.-L., Morera, S., Crave, A., Rau, P., Vauchel, P., Lagane,C., Sondag, F., Lavado Casimiro, W., Pombosa, R., Martinez, J.-M., 2018.Temporal variability and annual budget of inorganic dissolved matterin Andean Pacific rivers located along a climate gradient from north-ern Ecuador to southern Peru. C.R. Geosci. 350, (this issue).QuinYepForeword / C. R. Geoscience 350 (2018) 1–3 3tana-Cobo, I., Moreira-Turcq, P., Cordeiro, R.C., Aniceto, K., Crave, A.,Fraizy, P., Moreira, L.S., Duarte, J.M.A., Turcq, B., 2018. Dynamics offloodplain lakes in the Upper Amazon Basin during the Late Holocene.C.R. Geosci. 350, (this issue).ez, S., Laraque, A., Martinez, J.-M., De Sa, J., Carrera, J.M., Castellanos, B.,Gallay, M., Lopez, J.L., 2018. Retrieval of suspended sediment con-centrations using Landsat-8 Oli Satellite Images in the Orinoco River(Venezuela). C.R. Geosci. 350, (this issue).Patricia Moreira-Turcqa,*, Jhan Carlo Espinozab,Naziano Filizolac, Jean-Michel MartinezdaUMR GET IRD/CNRS/UPS, centre IRD France Nord, 32,avenue Henry-Varagnat, 93143 Bondy, FrancebInstituto Geofı́sico del Perú (IGP), PerucUniversidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM),Manaus, AM, BrazildUMR GET IRD/CNRS/UPS, France*Corresponding author.E-mail addresses: patricia.turcq@ird.fr (P. Moreira-Turcq)jespinoza@igp.gob.pe (J. Carlo Espinoza)nazianofilizola@ufam.edu.br (N. Filizola)jean-michel.martinez@ird.fr (J.-M. Martinez)

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Comptes Rendus Géoscience