Force and Stress along Simulated Dissociation Pathways of Cucurbituril–Guest Systems

Abstract

The field of host–guest chemistry provides computationally tractable yet informative model systems for biomolecular recognition. We applied molecular dynamics simulations to study the forces and mechanical stresses associated with forced dissociation of aqueous cucurbituril–guest complexes with high binding affinities. First, the unbinding transitions were modeled with constant velocity pulling (steered dynamics) and a soft spring constant, to model atomic force microscopy experiments. The computed length–force profiles yield rupture forces in good agreement with available measurements. We also used steered dynamics with high spring constants to generate paths characterized by a tight control over the specified pulling distance; these paths were then equilibrated via umbrella sampling simulations and used to compute time-averaged mechanical stresses along the dissociation pathways. The stress calculations proved to be informative regarding the key interactions determining the length–force profiles and rupture forces. In particular, the unbinding transition of one complex is found to be a stepwise process, which is initially dominated by electrostatic interactions between the guest’s ammoniums and the host’s carbonyl groups and subsequently limited by the extraction of the guest’s bulky bicyclooctane moiety; the latter step requires some bond stretching at the cucurbituril’s extraction portal. Conversely, the dissociation of a second complex with a more slender guest is mainly driven by successive electrostatic interactions between the different guest’s ammoniums and the host’s carbonyl groups. The calculations also provide information on the origins of thermodynamic irreversibilities in these forced dissociation processes