<p>The bottom-up spike signals via layer 4 from the thalamus core circuit and the top-down spike signals onto layer 1 (and layer 6) interact in the perception of external sensory stimuli in the early cortex (V1/V2). Moreover, acetylcholine (ACh) is transiently released from the nucleus basalis of Meynert to all the layers associated with top-down attention. In layers 2/3, pyramidal neurons (PYRs) that project their apical distal dendrites to layer 1, interneurons (INs), and fast spiking neurons exist. Moreover, it is also known that ACh to layer 1 depolarizes calretinin positive () INs in layer 1 through nicotinic receptors. However, we do not consider the latter effect in our model for simplicity.</p
