<p>Naïve T cells cultured with or without IFN-β in Th1-polarizing conditions (10 ng/ml IL-12) (A) or Th17-polarizing conditions (20 ng/ml IL-6, 5 ng/ml TGF-β1 and 10 ng/ml IL-23) (B) for 4 days. Effector/memory T cells were cultured with or without IFN-β for 3 days. IL-9 was analyzed by ELISA. Data are representative of three independent experiments.</p