Anaerobic Transformation of DDT Related to Iron(III) Reduction and Microbial Community Structure in Paddy Soils

Abstract

We studied the mechanisms of microbial transformation in functional bacteria on 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis­(<i>p</i>-chlorophenyl)­ethane (DDT) in two different field soils, Haiyan (HY) and Chenghai (CH). The results showed that microbial activities had a steady dechlorination effect on DDT and its metabolites (DDx). Adding lactate or glucose as carbon sources increased the amount of <i>Desulfuromonas</i>, <i>Sedimentibacter</i>, and <i>Clostridium</i> bacteria, which led to an increase in adsorbed Fe­(II) and resulted in increased DDT transformation rates. The electron shuttle of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic disodium salt resulted in an increase in the negative potential of soil by mediating the electron transfer from the bacteria to the DDT. Moreover, the DDT-degrading bacteria in the CH soil were more abundant than those in the HY soil, which led to higher DDT transformation rates in the CH soil. The most stable compound of DDx was 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis­(<i>p</i>-chloro-phenyl)­ethane, which also was the major dechlorination metabolite of DDT, and 1-chloro-2,2-bis-(<i>p</i>-chlorophenyl)­ethane and 4,4′-dichlorobenzo-phenone were found to be the terminal metabolites in the anaerobic soils