Distribution of randomized statistics under the null hypothesis of equal dispersal rates in both sexes.

Abstract

<p>Permuted test statistics are ‘male mAI_c-female mAIc’ (left) and ‘vAI_c female/vAI_c male’ (right). Observed statistics are indicated by vertical dashed line and extreme positive values indicate female-biased dispersal. Upper panel: regional - period 1; middle panel: regional - period 2; lower panel: local - period 2.</p