<p>Mice were administered dopaminergic neurotoxicants, MPTP, AMP, METH, MDA and MDMA with saline (0.9%) as a control and were killed at 6, 12 and 72 hours post dosing, time points known to encompass the onset of dopaminergic neurotoxicity and the subsequent activation of microglia and astroglia <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0102003#pone.0102003-Sriram1" target="_blank">[12]</a>. Mice were killed by focused microwave irradiation to preserve steady-state phosphorylation of pSTAT3<sup>tyr 705</sup> and phosphorylation was analyzed by quantification of scans of pSTAT3<sup>tyr705</sup> immunoblots. Representative immunoblot data from two different animals killed at each time point are presented above the quantitative data obtained from scans and are denoted by a bracket. Separate groups of mice were used to prepare total RNA from one side of the brain for qRT-PCR analysis of <i>Gfap</i> mRNA and to prepare total protein homogenates from the other side of the brain for ELISA of GFAP and TH. Except for the representative immunoblot duplicates, all data points represent mean ± SEM, N = 5. Statistical significance was measured by one-way ANOVA with Fisher's LSD Method of <i>post hoc</i> analysis. Statistical significance of at least p<0.05 for the neurotoxicant exposed groups in comparison to saline controls is denoted by *. See Methods for dosing regimen (multi-dose METH).</p
