Proinflammatory markers in the thalamus of rhesus macaques after intranasal inoculation with JEV (No. 2 (A, B, D–F), No. 11 (C)).

Abstract

<p>(A) Microglial cells (small arrows), leukocytes in the perivascular infiltrates (arrowheads), perivascular macrophages (large arrow) and astrocytes (inset) express iNOS. (B) Nitrotyrosine expression is observed in microglial cells (arrowheads) and astrocytes (arrows). VL: vessel lumen. (C) MMP-2 expression is diffusely seen in reactive astrocytes. (D) MMP-9 is mainly expressed by neurons. (E) TNF-α (left: brown signal) is expressed by microglial cells (left: arrows; right: arrowheads) that are identified based on their CD68 expression (left: blue signal) and astrocytes (right: arrows). (F) IFN-α expression is seen in astrocytes (left; arrow) and neurons, both unaltered (left: arrowheads; right: arrow) and degenerating (right: arrowhead), as demonstrated in satellitosis. Microglial cells surrounding the neuron are also positive. Indirect peroxidase method (A–F), Vectastain Elite ABC-Alkaline Phosphatase Kit (E, left); DAB (A–F), <i>BCIP</i>/NBT blue (E, left), Papanicolaou's hematoxylin counterstain. Scale bars A–D, F left = 50 µm. E, F right = 20 µm.</p