Bias with covariate models from the balanced design of N D=1 = 10 and μ D=0 = 1000. Disp: Dispersion, CovOR: Odds ratios between covariates and case–control status, Ncov: The number of covariates in a model, NB_TD: Negative binomial regression with the dispersion is used for the sampling, FL: Firth’s logistic regression. (DOCX 47 kb