Comparison of three sets (1 = log step-length, 2 = use of terrain ruggedness, 3 = use of forest by female elk as response variables, respectively) of Generalized Linear Mixed Models.

Abstract

<p>The structure of the fixed component of the model was constant across models (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0178082#pone.0178082.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> footnotes) with the only exception of age (not included, included) and age interacted with human-activity proxies (time of the day, distance from road, hunting season, and time of the week). All models had a random slope for true age and a random intercept for individual elk, as well as a random intercept for year–i.e., the best random effect structure selected in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0178082#pone.0178082.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> –and were fit with Maximum-Likelihood estimation. Models indicated by an asterisk accounted for more than 0.90 of the Akaike weights and were further inspected for model averaging (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0178082#pone.0178082.s003" target="_blank">S3 Table</a>).</p