SMAD-activation by recombinant GDF15 in THP-1-cells and <i>in vitro</i> differentiated macrophages.

Abstract

<p>A. Monocytic THP-1 cells were treated with GDF15 (50, 100 or 200 ng/mL), BMP-9 (50 ng/mL) or activin A (100 ng/mL) for 4 hours. B. THP-1 cells were treated with GDF15 (100 ng/mL) for various time-points. C. <i>In vitro</i> differentiated macrophages were treated with indicated soluble receptors in the presence of TGF-β (1 ng/mL) or GDF15 (200 ng/mL) for four hours. Phosphorylation of SMAD2 was determined using immunoblotting and GAPDH was used as loading control for all Western blots. Each experiment was performed once. GDF15 used in this figure was from R&D Systems, Lot# EHF1713081.</p