Hydroxylated Fullerene: A Stellar Nanomedicine to Treat Lumbar Radiculopathy via Antagonizing TNF-α-Induced Ion Channel Activation, Calcium Signaling, and Neuropeptide Production

Abstract

Current nonsurgical treatments of discogenic lumbar radiculopathy are neither effective nor safe. Our prior studies have suggested that hydroxylated fullerene (fullerol) nanomaterial could attenuate proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and primary neurons. Here, we aim to investigate the analgesic effect of fullerol in a clinically relevant lumbar radiculopathy mouse model and to understand its underlying molecular mechanism in mouse DRGs and neurons. Surprisingly, single and local application of fullerol solution (1 μM, 10 μL) was sufficient to alleviate ipsilateral paw pain sensation in mice up to 2 weeks postsurgery. In addition, microCT data suggested fullerol potentially promoted disc height recovery following injury-induced disc herniation. Alcian blue/picrosirius red staining also suggested that fullerol promoted regeneration of extracellular matrix proteins visualized by the presence of abundant newly formed collagen and proteoglycan in herniated discs. For in vitro DRG culture, fullerol attenuated TNF-α-elicited expression of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV-1) and neuropeptides release (substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide). In addition, fullerol suppressed TNF-α-stimulated increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations in primary neurons. Moreover, Western blot analysis in DRG revealed that fullerol’s beneficial effects against TNF-α might be mediated through protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular protein-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. These TNF-α antagonizing and analgesic effects indicated therapeutic potential of fullerol in treating lumbar radiculopathy, providing solid preclinical evidence toward further translational studies