Abou-Akkada, Abdelkader Rached

Nour, Abd El Aziz Mousa

Rady, Amal A.

Hungarian

Rady Amal A.

Nour Abd El Aziz Mousa

Abou-Akkada Abdelkader Rached

University of Szeged

ACTA BIOL SZEGED. 38 . p p . 25 - 3 1 ( 1 9 9 2 ) COMPARATIVE S T U D Y ON FISH FARMING IN E G Y P T A M A L A . R A D Y 1 , A . M . N O U R a n d A . R . A B O U - A K K A D A 2 'Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. (Received: June 22, 1992) Abstract The present paper aims to study the status of fish pond farming in Egypt. Four different fish farms around Alexandria with different sizes (4.2, 21. 16.38, and 617.39 hectares, respectively) and water sources (fresh and brackish) were selected to collect the information of the present investiga-tions. The results showed the following: 1. Water quality criteria showed that temperature ranged between 14.6 °C to 29.3 °C. pH 7.6—8.9. dissolved oxygen 3.5 — 10.5 mg/1. and salinity 17.8—37.6 mg/I. The concentration of dissolved oxygen was related with seasonality. In the integrated fish farms with ducks, water quality was greatly affected with time of rearing ducks on the pond. 2. Growth performance of silver carp was higher than common carp or tilapia hybrid. 3. Biochemical and chemical analysis of the fish muscles showed that tilapia spp. and Latus niloticus contain higher protein amount , while the lower protein was found in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) flesh of different fish species grew in ponds. Key words: Fish farming. Egypt, environment influence, carp and tilapia hybrid. Correspondence and reprint request: B. MATKOVICS, P. O. Box 539, Szeged. H—6701. Hungary. Introduction Fish plays an important role in providing food and employment . It can compensate for the shortage of animal protein speially during childhood. In Egypt the practice of fish farming is very old, a base relief found on an ancient Egyptian tomb shows tilapia being harvested of an artificial pond, presumably a drainable one. This base relief is an evidence that fish farming was already practised in Egypt about 2.500 B. C. The Egyptian fisheries can be grouped into three broad groups including marine, lake and inland fisheries, with a water area of about 2.5 million hectare ( F A O , 1985). However, the annual rate of fish consumption per capita (4 kg) in Egypt is comparatively low when compared with that of Japan (36 kg), Ceylon (20.3 kg) and Kuwait (18.4 kg) ( F A O . 1981). The annual catch of fish production is about 150 thousand tons and the amount of imported fish to Egypt reached 100 thousand tons (FAO, 1985). A great attention is now being given to fish farming for raising fish under controlled 2 6 A . A . R A D Y . A . M . N O U R a n d A . R . A B O I ' - A K K A D A conditions and for development of the inland fishery resources in Egypt. The selected fish species for cultivation should have a rapid growth rate , successfully reproduce accept natural and cheap artificial food, proved satisfactory to be consumer, support high population density and be resistant to disease. So the scientific management aims to produce a low- coast fish by utilization of natural food specially organic and inorganic fertilizers in fish ponds (WOYNAROVICH et al . . 1963: WOYNAROVICH. 1988; R A D Y , 1992) obtained an increase in growth rate of fish 1 k g / 9 - 1 3 kg fertilizer. The aim of the present work is to asses the following points: 1. The effect of integrated duck-fish farming with ducks on water quality. 2. Growth of some culture fish species in ponds. 3. Chemical composition of fish flesh. Material and Methods The data of this work were based on the registered records and field observations experimental information f rom four fish pond farms in Alexandria govemorate . The selected fish pond farms were: 1. Experimental fish farm of Alexandria University in Abis. Alexandria (Alex.) . 2. Fish farm Alexandria govemorate in Al-Nozha. hydrodrome drain. Alex. (Farm 400). 3. Fish fa rm El-Nozha. hydrodrome Lake Alex. 4. Alexandria Govemora t e fish farm in Maruit (306). The total area of the four fish farms was 4.2, 21. 617.39 and 16.38 hectares, respectively, with a pond area in average of 0.42. 7.35, 839.98 and 5.04 hectares, respectively. The average depth of water in the ponds were 1.0. 3.5. 2.0 and 1.25 meter in respectively. Fresh water (salinity 250 ppm) is used in supplying feeding of 1st and and 3rd farm, however, farms 2nd and 4th were f rom brackish water source (salinity 3000 ppm). Water quality data were obtained f rom the last three farms. In the Table I. Growth performance of some cultivator fish species ponds Item Tilapia hybrid Common carp Silver carp Initial length (cm) 3.0 7.8 3.0 Initial weight (g) 3.4 6.8 1.5 Final length (cm) 16.9±0.9 24.5 ±1 .62 22 .5±1 .8 Final weight (g) 166.0±28.96 484.0±151.6 315.1 ±79.4 Experimental period days 329 329 329 Gain (g) 162.6 478.0 313.6 Average daily gain (g/day) 0.49 1.45 0.95 Specific growth rate ( S G R % ) 1.17 1.30 1.61 Condition factor 3.4 3.3 2.8 The values are expressed as means of ten animals. Comparat ive study on fish farming in Egypt 27 2nd and 4th farms ducks were directly reared on the water surface with different t imes of production. Growth performance of some selected fish species were followed in the 4th farm in the period between 1989 and July 1990. About 1500 fingerlings of tilapia hybrid (Oreochromis ni lot icusxO. aureus), common carp (Hypophthalmichthy moliirixI were rared in the cages 6 m ; cages (2 m x 3 m) with 1 m depth at rate of 10 fish/m3. Samples of then fishes were obtained at different times in order to observe the body weight changes. Fish were collected for chemical analysis from two ponds of experimental fish farm. Faculty of Agriculture. Alexandria University during the harvesting period (October . November . 1990). The fish samples were homogenized, by using and electrical homogenizer (20 to 30 fishes of the same species monthly). For studying the water quality (dissolved oxygen. p H . water t empera ture , ammonia and nitrate) of experimental ponds monthly at 7.00 a .m. . Dissolved oxygen was recorded according to the Winkler 's method, nitrate and ammonia described by GOLTERMANN et al., 1978. p H was measured in situ using an Orion Research (USA) digital pH meter against standard solutions. Chemical analysis of fish flesh was carried out according to the methods described by NAUMAN et al . . ( 1 9 7 6 ) . Results and Discussion The data in Table 1 showed the growht performance of three cultivated fish species, tilapia hybrid (Oreochromis niloticus+O. aureus) common carp (Cyp-rinus carpio L.) and silver carp (Hypophthalamichthys molitrix) through the experimental period of 329 days. The initial weight of fish were 3.4, 6.8 and 1.5 g for the tested speices, respectively. The final weight was 166, 484 and 315 with an average daily gain of 0.49, 1.45 and 0.96 g/day. The specific growth rate (SRG % ) of the cultivated fish species were 1.17, 1.30 and 1.61%, respectively. From the obtained results it could be concluded that common carp and silver carp grew faster than tilapia hybrid. The overall average of gain for the three tested species was around 1.0 g/fish/day through the experimental period (about 11 months) . Growth performance of silver carp was higher than other tested species this could be explained on the basis of its higher turnover of energy in substance and low excretion rate (VIOLA et al., 1983). The highest value of well-being factor was recorded in tilapia followed by common carp and the lowest was silver carp. It was concluded that increase of plant protein and indigestible polysacharid in the diet of tilapia and carp resulted in non improvement of its growth perfor-mance (VIOLA et al., 1977). On the other hand, it was found that increased animal protein in the diet resulted in an increase of the body weight of fish, length and well-being factor (EL-DAHAR. 1988). The chemical composition ( % ) of fish (Table 2) showed that Tilapia niloticus spp. contain more protein, (BARLATIN et al. , 1 9 7 9 ) , as well as in common carp have more fat and bighead carp have more minerals (ash). Energy content (Kj/g) was higher in common carp as bighead carp, however, other tested species were similar energy content . T o compare the chemical composition ( % ) of the edible parts of fresh water fishes they contained more crude protein, fat and energy than in marine water. 2 8 A . A . R A D Y . A . M . N O U R a n d A . R . A B O I ' - A K K A D A Table 2. Chemical composition (%) of flesh from pond culture as compared with marine fish Fish species % on DM basis DM % Ash Crude protein Ether extract Energy content Kj/g 1-Fresh water fishes A-Tilapia spp. O. niloiica 22.25 4.98 80.59 14.43 20.97 O. galilia 23.58 5.28 83.13 11.59 20.36 O. aurea 25.79 5.32 81.00 13.68 20.76 T. zillii 24.13 5.88 80.79 13.36 20.59 B-Common carp Cyprinus carpio 32.24 5.39 72.26 28.35 24.82 C-Chinese carp Chenophrynoodon indellus 23.61 7.71 79.17 13.12 20.19 Hypophthalmichthys moliirix 17.09 7.35 78.50 14.15 20.46 Aristichihys nobilis 16.00 6.80 71.10 21.50 22.02 D-Mugil capilo 3.13 6.85 76.81 16.94 20.01 E-Clarias lazera 26.02 8.17 75.64 16.19 20.72 F-Laius niloiicus 16.39 5.55 83.30 11.15 20.21 G-Labeo niloiicus 22.58 6.08 78.63 15.29 20.93 Mean of fresh Water fish 21.98 6.29 78.45 15.76 21.00 ±3.5 ±1.07 ±3.79 ±4.79 ±1.31 2-Mean of marine water* Water fish + 26.72 ±1.2 22.13 ±6.38 68.99 ±6.38 9.74 ±2.20 17.17 * Adapted from WASSEF (1985C). The result represents the average of sic pelagic species by pusse-seine. namely: Sardinella aurita CSilt-ardine). Sardina Pilchardus (pilchard). Boops boops (Bugue). Irachurus medilerranues (Horse-mackerel). Scomber Japonicus (Blue maykerelior scomber) and Engruutis encresicholus (Anchovy). This clearly shows the higher potentially of f reshwater fish as a source of nutrients, (see Table 2) Results in Table (3.) show some water quality criteria in different seasons for water outlet obtained from the 2nd fish farm. There were a great variation in Table 3. Physical and chemical properties of water in fsh ponds Item Summer Autumn Winter Spring Mean ± SE Temp. °C 29.30 23.00 14.60 20.7 21.90±6.10 PH 8.70 8.90 8.90 9.1 8.90±0.20 0 2 (mg/1) 3.70 10.50 6.20 5.2 7.20±2.80 NH3 (mg/1) 0.45 0.24 0.19 0.21 0.27±0.10 N O , (mg/1) 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.05±0.01 Comparat ive study on fish farming in Egypt 29 water temperature between summer and winter. BARLATIN et al. , ( 1 9 7 9 ) reported that tilapia is largely restricted to regions within the 20 °C winter isotherms. Outside of this range it is necessary to heated ponds. In Japan , MARUYAMA ( 1 9 5 8 ) obtained 9 4 . 6 % survival of Sarotherodon niloticus at a low temperature . These fish were then able to survive below 14 16 °C. It was noted that S. mossambicus failed to introduce in Egypt because the fish became inactive at low temperature . Growth stops and fish die if handled at temperature below 15 °C, and against meeting ponds during the winter months. Temperature not only affects the survival and distribution of species, but also on the fish growth rate and reproduction as well as susceptibility to diseases. BISHAI ( 1 9 7 5 ) showed that a range of 17.2 °C to 19.6 °C below which tilapia decrease in growth rate. Tempera ture differences between spring and winter reached about 15 °C. how-ever, variations in pH values and dissolved oxygen were not too much between the different seasons. Ammonia concentrat ion increased during summer followed by autumn and decreased in spring, however, nitrate concentration increased in autumn followed by winter and decreased in summer and spring. The average pH value in the water pond was 8 . 9 ± 0 . 2 , however, H U E T ( 1 9 7 2 ) recommends a pH 7—8 as a best for fish cultivation, and the maximal acceptable pH level varies with species. Data in Table (4.) showed that the dissolved oxygen concentration decreased f rom 5.4 to 3.5 in the long term duck production. This probably caused by continuous consumption of dissolved oxygen through organic matter oxidation as well as increased amount of plankton die-offs (SWINGLE, 1969) and also may be due to accumulation of toxic intermediate components formed and transportation of organic matter has become limiting factor in the process of in tens iwe fish production in the pond causes the cessation of fish growth (SHILO et al . . 1 9 8 2 ) . The results showed that pH values increased, this was an indication of increasing Table 4. Effect of long term duck production on water quality of ponds Water quality criteria Pond No. Average 1 S D 1 2 3 A- Without ducks Dissolved oxygen PH N H 3 mg/1 N O j mg/1 5 .4010.50 7 .3012.00 0 .3510 .01 0 .0610.02 5 .1011 .40 7 .8010.70 0 .4210.02 0 .0810 .03 5 .7011 .40 7 .2010.70 0 .2710 .03 0 .0410.02 5 .4010 .30 7 .4010 .26 0 .3510 .06 0 .0610.02 B- With ducks Dissolved oxygen 3 .3011.20 3 .8011 .60 3 .4011 .50 3 .5010 .19 PH 9 .3010.60 8 .6010.60 8 .4010 .40 8 .8010 .38 N H , mg/1 0 .6010.02 0 .6410 .03 0 .7010.02 0 .6510.04 N O , mg/1 0 .3710.04 0 .1810.05 0 .2110 .02 0 .2510.08 1.2,3: The number of ponds had 433. 434 and 471 duck/4200 meter for 217 days. 3 0 A . A . RADY. A . M . NOUR a n d A . R . ABOI ' -AKKADA ammonia concentration in duck manure its levels reaching 0.7 mg/1 in both integrated and fish ponds. However the unionized form of ammonia which is the most toxic form to fish constituted no more than 3% in the fish ponds without duck, while it reached 32% in the fish ponds with duck whereas it found that the toxic level of ammonia lies between 0.6—2 mg/1 ( E I F A C , 1973) for short t ime exposure. Nitrate content at the integrated ponds is highly variable ranging between 0.18—0.37 mg/1 with an average 0.25 mg/1 while another ponds contain very little amount of nitrate ranged between 0.04 — 0.08 mg/1. Ponds must be fertilized regularly in order to maintain rich plankton flora and fauna therefore all of the animal branches could be integrated efficiently with fish production by utilizing the manure for increasing fish production. The most advantageous, however is to integrate duck production with fish farming. Ducks may be raised in the fish ponds themselves, their manure need not be collected, t ransported and distributed, but it is dropping directly into the water of the fish ponds. It could be concluded that the effect of long-term duck production on fish pond resulted in decreasing oxygen content and higher pH value, therefore , good and careful management should be followed, in order to know the suitable periods and numbers of ducks should be put on a certain area in order to keep the water quality in good conditions in order to incrase fish production. From the observations described it could be concluded that: 1. Growth of cultivated fish species in pond is promising. 2. Integrated fish production with duck need more research because the effect of long-term production of ducks on fish ponds are great influence. 3. Tilapia spp and Latus niloticus contain higher protein content in its flesh than other tested species, respectively. References BARLATIN. J. and HATTON. J . (1979): Tilapia. A guide lo their biology culture in Africa. — Univ. Sterling. U. K. BISHAI, H. M. (1975). Resistance of Tilapia nilolica to high temperature. — Hydrobiologia. 25. 4 3 7 - 4 8 8 . EL-DAHAR. A. A. (1988): Studies on fish feeding. — Ph. D. Thesis Alexandria Univ.. Alexandria. Egypt. European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC) (1973): Water quality criteria for Euro-pean Fresh Water Fish. — Report on ammonia. Inland Fisheries Water Research. 7, 1011 — 1022. GOLTERMAN. H . L . . CLYMO. R . S . a n d OHNSTGD. M . A . M . ( 1 9 7 8 ) : M e t h o d s f o r p h y s i c a l a n d chemical analysis of fresh water (second ed.) — Inter Biol. Progr. Handbooks No. 8 pp. 213. HUET, M. (1972): Textbook of fish culture breeding and cultivation of fish. Translated by H. KOHN. — Fishing News. Book Ltd.. Farnhan. Surrey. England. 436 p. FAO (1981): Year book of fishery statistics: Catches and landings Vol. 50, F A O Un. Rome. Italy. F A O (1985): A review of the Organization of Agricultural and Fisheries Research. Technology and development in Egypt. VI. Research in Fisheries. Rome. Italy. Comparat ive study on fish farming in Egypt 31 MARUYAMA. T. (1958): An observation on Tilapia mossambica in ponds referring to the diurnal movement with temperature change. — Bull. Fresh Water . Fish Res. Lab . . Tokyo . 8. 8532. NEUMAN. K. and BASSLER. R. (1976): Methoden Buch Band III. The Chemische Untersucvhung vor Futtermit teln. — Verlag J. Nauman-Neudamm. FRG. RADY. A. A . (1992): A halastavakban felhasznált szerves trágya hatékonysága. — Ph. D . Thesis. Szeged Univ. Szeged. Hungary. SHILO. M. and RIMON. A. (1982): Factors which affect the intensification of breeding. 2. Ammonia transformation in intensifide fish ponds . — Bamidgeh. 34, 101 — 114. SWINGLE. H. S. (1969): Methods of analysis for water organic matter and pond bot tom soils. Fisheries and research. — Auburn Univ. . A u b u r n A L pp. 119. VIOLA. S. and RAPPAPORT. U. (1977): Nutrit ion experiments with carp in cages. — Bamidgeh. 34. 1 0 1 - 1 1 4 . VIOLA. S. and ARIELE. U. Y. (1983): Nutri t ions studies with a high protein pellet for carp and Sarolherodon spp. (Tilapia) — Bamidgeh. 34, 39 —46. WASSEF, E. A . (1985): Comparat ive study on the boichemical composition of six Egyptian marine fish. - Common water. Sci. Develop. Res. 9, 1 3 8 - 1 4 7 . WOYNAROVICH, E. and ZAMBO (1963): halhús termeles megszervezése és eredményei a Bikali Állami gazdaságban. — Mezőgazdasági Kiadó. Budapest . WOYN AROVICH , E. (1988): Adatok a halastavi szerves trágyázás tanulságos tör ténetéhez. — Halászat. X X X I V . 1 4 - 1 6 . 

Comparative study on fish farming in Egypt

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Comparative study on fish farming in Egypt

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