Avila, T.

Bejarano, C.

Libreros, D.

Meckelmann, S.

Petz, M.

Ramírez, M.

Ríos, L.

Scheldeman, Xavier

Williams, D.

Zonneveld, M. van

CGSpace

i   ii                                Citation: S. Dias, E. Dulloo, N. Maxted, S. Kell, E. Thörn, L. Smith, J. Preston, S. Hutchinson. (ed.) 2014. International Conference on ENHANCED GENEPOOL UTILIZATION - Capturing wild relative and landrace diversity for crop improvement, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 16-20 June 2014. Book of Abstracts. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.   Cover photo:    ISBN: 978929043995-0  104  Exploration of underutilized crop diversity of Capsicum peppers in their primary center of diversity in Bolivia and Peru Maarten van Zonneveld*1, Marleni Ramirez2, David Williams3, Michael Petz4, Sven Meckelmann4, Teresa Avila5, Carlos Bejarano6, Llermé Ríos7, Dimary Libreros2, and Xavier Scheldeman2 1Bioversity International, Turrialba, Costa Rica; 2Bioversity International, Regional Office for the Americas, Cali, Colombia.; 3Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), San José, Costa Rica; 4University of Wuppertal, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Food Chemistry, Wuppertal, Germany; 5 Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Pairumani (CIFP), Cochabamba, Bolivia; 6 PROINPA, Oficina Regional Valle Sur, Sucre, Bolivia; 7 Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Lima, Peru.  *Corresponding author: m.vanzonneveld@cgiar.org   Abstract The genus Capsicum is a highly diverse complex of domesticated and wild species that displays abundant variation in its main center of domestication and diversity in Bolivia and Peru but that remains under-researched. New collecting expeditions undertaken in 2010 by the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) in Peru and the Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Pairumani (CIFP) in Bolivia have significantly increased the size of the collections. INIA Peru now maintains 712 accessions of the five domesticated species, making it one of the largest and most diverse national collections of native Capsicum pepper varieties in the world. The collection in Bolivia contains 492 accessions, including the five domesticated species, four wild species, and one wild botanical variety of a domesticated species. We report on the identification of promising native Capsicum germplasm for potential use in the development of differentiated products. Identification of promising material representative of native Capsicum diversity in both collections followed several steps: (1) Identification of a core collection of nearly 100 accessions per country representing the different species and their geographic distribution. Dried samples of these accessions were biochemically screened for commercially interesting attributes including capsaicinoid content, polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, carotenoids, lipid content and color; (2) Based on results of the biochemical screening, sub-sets of 44 Bolivian and 39 Peruvian accessions were selected, representing the different species and variation in biochemical attributes; and (3) The selected materials were grown in different environments to identify the agro-ecological conditions were they best express the special properties of commercial interest. The biochemical screening and agromorphological characterization and evaluation revealed that Capsicum 105  accessions from Bolivia and Peru have unique combinations of functional attributes, confirming that a wealth of commercially valuable properties can be found in Capsicum’s primary center of diversity. This study was financed by GIZ.  Keywords: Capsicum, Peru, Bolivia, Biochemical screening, Agromorphological characterization, Germplasm selection   

Exploration of underutilized crop diversity of Capsicum peppers in their primary center of diversity in Bolivia and Peru

Exploration of underutilized crop diversity  of Capsicum peppers in their primary center of diversity in Bolivia and Peru C. annuum Ají cerezo C. baccatum Ayuyo C. eximium Ulupica  (wild) C. chinense Ají charapita C. chinense Ají dulce C. chinense Pucunucho C. frutescens Malaguete C. baccatum var. pendulum Huacareteño naranjo C. baccatum var. baccatum Arivivi (wild)  Capsicum, a highly diverse complex of domesticated & wild species displays abundant variation in its main center of domestication & diversity but remains under-researched  1) New collection expeditions: in traditional farming systems, home-gardens & natural vegetation have significantly increased the size of the collections  Collection & conservation: INIA-Peru´s base collection of 305 accessions increased to 711 including five domesticated species , making it one of the largest and most diverse national collections of native Capsicum pepper varieties in the world.  CIFP´s (Bolivia) base collection of 387 accessions was increased to 466 including five domesticated species, four wild species, and one wild botanical variety of a domesticated species. Taxonomic classification, characterization (agro-morphological, molecular, biochemical) & documentation:  Carried out for most accessions.  Project website: https://sites.google.com/site/ajiesnativos/home Project contributions to tackle constraints C. caballeroi  Ají de monte (wild) C. frutescens Pipi de mono C. pubescens Locoto, Rocoto C. chinense Motelito   Identification of promising native Capsicum germplasm for potential use in the development  of differentiated products   Conceptual model of germplasm conservation and selection (steps 1-4):                       2) Identification of a core collection of nearly 100 accessions per country representing the different species and their geographic distribution. Dried samples of these accessions were biochemically screened for 24 commercially interesting attributes, including capsaicinoid content, antioxidant capacity, polyphenols, flavonoids, lipid content and color. The graph below shows the distribution of capsaicinoids -who are responsible for Capsicums´ across accessions of the Peruvian core collection. 3) Based on the biochemical screening, sub-sets of 44 Bolivian & 39 Peruvian accessions were selected, representing the different species and variation in biochemical attributes Taxon Accessions in CIPF collection (Bolivia) Bolivian accessionsAVRDC*  Bolivian accessionsUSDA**   Accessions in INIA collection (Peru) Peruvian accessions AVRDC  Peruvian accessionsUSDA     Cultivated species  C. annuum L. 8 9 9 44 37 29  C. baccatum L. 0 45 49 71 95 87  C. baccatum var. pendulum (Willd.) Eshbaugh 217 0 0 0 0 0  C. chinense Jacq. 67 21 26 210 149 120  C. frutescens L. 12 2 4 52 14 5  C. pubescens Ruiz & Pav. 21 0 5 299 5 0  wild species  C. baccatum var. baccatum 7 0 0 0 0 0  C. cabelleroi Nee 1 0 0 0 0 0  C. cardenasii Heiser & P. G. Sm. 2 0 1 0 0 0  C. chacoense Hunz. 0 6 9 0 0 0  C. eximium Hunz. 17 0 3 0 0 0  C. flexuosum 0 0 0 0 0 0  C. galapagoense 0 0 0 0 0 0  C. lanceolatum 0 0 0 0 0 0  C. praetermissum 0 0 0 0 0 0  C. rhomboideum 0 0 0 0 0 0  C. schottianum 0 0 0 0 0 0  C. tovarii 0 0 0 0 2 1  Unidentified accessions  Capsicum spp. 114 4 27 35 19 11 * AVRDC is the acronym of the World Vegetable Center; ** USDA stands for United States Department of Agriculture Median values and ranges of biochemical attributes for different accessions in the Bolivian and Peruvian core collections and grouped by taxa.  Taxon  Capsaicinoids (mg/100g)  Antioxidant capacity (mmol/100g)  Polyphenols (g/100g)  Flavonoids (mg/100g)  Quercetin (mg/100g)  Fat (g/100g)  Extractable color (ASTA)  Peru   C. annuum (n = 19)     335.9 (0.6-809.0)     4.0 (3.1-6.5)     1.77 (1.59-2.07)     8.3 (0.9-29.5)     7.3 (0.9-25.1)     11.1 (2.6-16.6)     75 (5-107)  C. baccatum (n = 26)     204.4 (52.1-711.7)     3.6 (2.8-5.4)     1.72 (1.44-2.59)     7.9 (0.7-27.4)     6.8 (0.7-25.1)     6.2 (2.2-17.1)     24 (1-66)  C. chinense (n = 43)     337.0 (1.2-1244.3)     3.8 (2.1-9.2)     1.75 (1.34-3.69)     4.0 (1.0-14.1)     3.6 (1.0-10.3)     7.6 (2.6-17.1)     31 (4-146)  C. frutescens (n = 2)     789.8 (404.1-1175.4)     5.2 (3.4-7.0)     2.08 (2.07-2.08)     2.3 (1.2-3.4)     2.3 (1.2-3.4)     9.1 (6.2-11.9)     32 (3-60)  Bolivia  C. annuum (n = 2)     11.7 (11.7-11.7)     3.3 (3.0-3.6)     1.45 (1.37-1.53)     5.0 (4.0-5.9)     3.9 (3.2-4.5)     8.2 (6.7-9.7)     68 (58-77)  C. baccatum var. pendulum (n = 71)     89.9 (0.7-371.7)     4.0 (3.0-5.8)     1.60 (1.18-2.13)     8.6 (1.6-46.8)     7.1 (0.8-42.6)     13.4 (7.6-32.8)     52 (5-127)  C. chinense (n = 7)     181.9 (0.3-311.5)     3.8 (3.1-5.5)     1.43 (1.09-1.74)     3.9 (2.4-4.8)     3.0 (1.6-3.3)     11.8 (7.3-14.2)     55 (8-102)  C. frutescens (n = 4)     427.4 (55.8-1027.9)     4.5 (3.5-6.2)     1.72 (1.54-2.05)     7.5 (4.2-11.0)     5.8 (2.8-9.7)     15.4 (14.8-17.1)     45 (11-69)  C. pubescens (n = 2)     230.4 (223-237.8)     4.4 (4.2-4.5)     1.89 (1.86-1.92)     2.6 (2.3-2.9)     2.2 (2.1-2.3)     7.1 (6.9-7.3)     15 (14-16)  *C. baccatum var. baccatum (n = 7)     334.1 (32.8-438.8)     3.8 (3.6-5.2)     1.43 (1.31-1.63)     7.9 (1.6-12.0)     6.1 (1.6-7.8)     19.4 (11.8-26.1)     23 (3-84)  *C. eximium (n = 3)     417.5 (304.1-454.5)     4.2 (3.9-4.4)     1.92 (1.69-2.19)     4.6 (0.4-6.6)     3.3 (0.4-6.0)     19.4 (18.9-21.4)     26 (12-33)  * Wild species 4) The selected materials were grown in different environments to identify the agro-ecological conditions where they best express the special properties of commercial interest. The biochemical screening and agro-morphological characterization and evaluation revealed that Capsicum accessions from Bolivia and Peru have unique combinations of functional attributes, confirming that a wealth of commercially valuable properties can be found in Capsicum’s primary center of diversity. Hereunder an Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the results in Peru. Maarten van Zonneveld1, Marleni Ramirez2, David Williams3, Michael Petz4, Sven Meckelmann4, Teresa Avila5, Carlos Bejarano6, Llermé Ríos7, Dimary Libreros2, Karen Amaya2  and Xavier Scheldeman2   1Bioversity International, Turrialba, Costa Rica. Email: m.vanzonneveld@cgiar.org; 2Bioversity International, Regional Office for the Americas, Cali, Colombia. Email: m.ramirez@cgiar.org; 3Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), San José, Costa Rica; 4University of Wuppertal, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Food Chemistry, Wuppertal, Germany; 5Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Pairumani (CIFP), Cochabamba, Bolivia; 6PROINPA, Oficina Regional Valle Sur, Sucre, Bolivia; 7Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Lima, Peru.  In Bolivia, wild peppers, locally known as "arivivi" and "ulupica", have a high market potential. Mexican experts came to Bolivia to train local agronomists and farmers in sustainable extraction of wild peppers and how to cultivate and domesticate them. Catálogo de ajíes (Capsicum spp.) peruanos promisorios conservados en el banco de semillas del INIA – Perú  Catálogo de ajíes (Capsicum spp.) bolivianos promisorios conservados en el banco de semillas del INIAF – Bolivia  

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Exploration of underutilized crop diversity of Capsicum peppers in their primary center of diversity in Bolivia and Peru

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