早大学位記番号:新7620早稲田大

Mangino Mary Buban Kathryn

English

DSpace at Waseda University

  Form HE(S→O) GSAPS THE SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS The Man’s Role in Women’s Empowerment:  A case study in Indonesia illustrates why gender work isn’t a zero-sum game  4013S328 Kathryn Mary Buban Mangino  Chief Advisor: Prof. Yasushi Katsuma Keywords:  Women’s empowerment, gender equality, development, masculinities, Indonesia  Theorists and practitioners generally agree that women’s empowerment is: a long-term activity that is a process as well as an outcome; entails the actualization of a woman’s own agency; and utilizes a power from within to spark change in a woman’s life. (Rowlands, 1995; Kabeer, 1999; Batliwala, 2008) Experts agree that women’s empowerment is difficult to measure, but disagree on how best to measure it. Experts generally agree that although results can be positive in terms of a woman’s own agency, the benefits often do not carry over into the domestic space or the policy environment. (Burnet, 2012)  The field of masculinities has grown considerably since it’s inception in the 1980’s and has made valuable contributions to the discourse of practical gender work, including women’s empowerment. Connell’s concepts of hegemonic masculinities and the patriarchal dividend help describe how ideals around masculinities can be harmful to women and why they are perpetuated. There is widespread consensus that ideals in masculinities are restrictive to men and harmful to women. (Connell, 2005) The field of male engagement has employed masculinities theories into development practices to promote greater gender equality. Over the past 10 years significant data has been published that demonstrate impressive results in domestic violence reduction, men’s involvement as fathers and men’s responsibilities as partners in family planning. (Peacock et al, 2012) However, despite the body of evidence to support the effectiveness of male engagement, the women’s empowerment approach has not changed. Women’s empowerment continues to utilize a model targeting women specifically and leading them through a process to self-actualize. (Cornwall, 1997) This is not only a gap in theory but it is also a gap in practice.  With the overall goal of investigating the synergies between women’s empowerment and male engagement work in order to identify possible opportunities to strengthen programming around gender equality, this dissertation asks the overarching research question does the addition of a male support component improve women’s empowerment programming? Ten sub-research questions emerged in order to analyze the main question from both perspectives: five associated with results from the female participants and five associated with results from the male participants. Research objectives specifically aim to connect findings with theoretical implications at both the grassroots and the global levels.  Methods: Partnership with RUMPUN, a local NGO in East Java, Indonesia, was a critical factor in this study. RUMPUN fit the desired case study profile: a small, autonomous organization that utilizes the women’s empowerment approach and working exclusively with women. RUMPUN agreed to implement a pilot “male support” component in November 2015, with their longest running women’s empowerment groups in order to test the hypothesis that targeting men associated with the women in empowerment groups would improve overall program results. The male support component consisted of a one-day participatory workshop for husbands of RUMPUN members to discuss women’s empowerment, their own ideas of masculinity, and how the two concepts relate. A longitudinal design was used to collect “before pilot program” and “after pilot program” perceptions from female and male participants; “after” data was collected in May 2016 to answer the study’s research questions. In keeping with Javanese cultural norms, information was collected with the use of focus group discussions (FGDs) followed by the anthropological technique of a  “village walk-through” to allow informants to add information in an informal and confidential manner. In total, nine FGDs and nine village walk-throughs were completed, which collected qualitative information from 45 women and 26 men.  Findings: Both men and women reported an increase in male support for the women’s empowerment groups. All FGDs spent considerable time reporting examples of men’s increased contributions to household work: washing, cooking, childcare and cleaning. Men and women both reported an increase in male appreciation and respect for women’s work. Several couples reported a shift in household power: increased communication and a heightened level of mutual respect. Women unanimously and eagerly agreed this was a positive intervention that they would recommend for replication. Thus, there is substantial evidence of a change that had affected household and community gender dynamics, which affirmed the overarching research question.  Implications: Collected data has implications for both grassroots and global development. Grassroots programming can benefit from findings that suggest the possibility of community norm changes (as opposed to individual behavior change) through the process of group facilitation, as seen during the pilot. When men were brought together to discuss women’s empowerment, they were overwhelmingly positive about the concept; it was simply the first time they had ever been asked. Holding a public meeting allowed a private, “women’s topic” to be elevated to the community level. Global development can utilize findings to make women’s empowerment programs potentially more effective, achieving greater increases in women’s agency and transforming household power relations to create a more conducive environment for holistic gender equality. At both levels, it is particularly noteworthy that the additional male support component appeared to break into the household or private space, traditionally thought to be impermeable by women’s empowerment work alone.  Baltiwala, Srilatha (2007) Taking the power out of empowerment - an experiential account, Development in Practice, 17:4-5, 557-565. Burnet, Jennie (2012) Women’s Empowerment and Cultural Change in Rwanda, S. Franceshet, L. M. Crook, and M. J. Piscopo’s (Eds) The Impact of Gender Quotas. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 190-208. Connell, R.W. (2005) Masculinities, Berkley USA, University of California Press, 67-81, 185-199, 244-260. Cornwall, Andrea (1997) ‘Men, Masculinity and “Gender and Development”, Gender and Development, Vol 5:2, 8-13. Kabeer, Naila (1999) Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment, Development and Change, 30, 435-464. Peacock, Dean and Gary Barker (2012) ‘Working with Men and Boys to Promote Gender Equality: A Review of the Field and Emerging Approaches’, Bangkok: UN Women.  Rowlands, Jo (1995) Empowerment examined, Development in Practice, 5:2, 101-107 

女性のエンパワーメントにおける男性の役割-ジェンダーへの取組みがゼロ・サム・ゲームでないことを示唆するインドネシアの事例-

早稲田大学博士(学術)早大学位記番号:新7620doctoral thesi

マンジーノ, マリー ブーバン キャサリン

69497

Mangino, Mary Buban Kathryn

Waseda University Repository

0早稲田大学大学院アジア太平洋研究科博士論文審査報告書論 文 題 目原題名 OriginalTitleThe Man’s Role in Women’s Empowerment:A case study in Indonesia illustrates why gender workisn’t a zero-sum game英訳In Japanese女性のエンパワーメントにおける男性の役割‐ジェンダーへの取組みがゼロ・サム・ゲームでないことを示唆するインドネシアの事例‐申 請 者姓 Last Name Middle Name 名 First Name氏 名Name ＭＡＮＧＩＮＯＭ ａ ｒ ｙＢｕｂａｎＫａｔｈｒｙｎ学籍番号Student ID 4013S328-5２０１７年 ６月１． 本論文の主旨With the overall goal of investigating the synergies between women’s empowermentand male engagement work in order to identify possible opportunities to strengthenprogramming around gender equality, this dissertation asks the overarching researchquestion: “Does the addition of a male support component improve women’sempowerment programing?” Research objectives specifically aim to connectfindings with theoretical implications at both the grassroots and the global levels.Partnership with RUMPUN, a local NGO in East Java, Indonesia, was a criticalfactor in this study. RUMPUN agreed to implement a pilot “male support”component in November 2015, with their longest running women’s empowermentgroups in order to test the hypothesis that targeting men associated with the womenin empowerment groups would improve overall program results. A longitudinaldesign was used to collect “before pilot program” and “after pilot program”perceptions from female and male participants. “After” data was collected in May2016 to answer the research question. Information was collected with the use offocus group discussions (FGDs) followed by the anthropological technique of“ village walk-through” to allow informants to add information in an informal andconfidential manner. In total, nine FGDs and nine village walk-throughs werecompleted, which collected qualitative information from 45 women and 26 men.Both men and women reported an increase in male support for the women’sempowerment groups. Men and women both reported an increase in maleappreciation and respect for women’s work. Women unanimously and eagerlyagreed this was a positive intervention that they would recommend for replication.Thus, there is substantial evidence for a change that had affected household andcommunity gender dynamics, which affirmed the overarching research question.Collected data has implications for both grassroots and global development.Grassroots programing can benefit from findings that suggest the possibility ofcommunity norm changes through the process of group facility Global developmentcan utilize findings to make women’s empowerment programs potentially moreeffective, achieving greater increases in women’s agency and transforminghousehold power relations to create a more conducive environment for holisticgender equality. At both levels, it is particularly noteworthy that the additional malesupport component appeared to break into the household or private space,traditionally thought to be impermeable by women’s empowerment work alone.２． 本論文の構成と概要Chapter 1 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter identifies the knowledge gap, and then provides the research goal andobjectives, the research questions and the analytical framework. Significance of thestudy is also explained.Chapter 2 THEORETICAL LITERATURE REVIEWThis chapter surveys a broad range of existing studies, to which the current researchaims to relate its empirical findings and make academic contributions.Chapter 3 CASE STUDY BACKGROUNDThis chapter provides the background of the case study, including the historicalsummary of Indonesia and gender, Indonesian policies in women’s rights andempowerment, definitions of gender roles and women’s empowerment in Java, andIndonesian masculinities.Chapter 4 METHODOLOGYThis chapter discusses the research methodology and ethics, and explains the datacollection, processing and analysis.Chapter 5 FIRST STAGE OF RESEARCHThis chapter introduces the organizational information of RUMPUN and the location.It also explains how the women there define “women’s empowerment,” and how themen and women define “male support.”Chapter 6 RESEARCH RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONSThis chapter engages with the research questions, analyzing the research results. Twosub research questions are answered: (1) Does the “active male support” interventionimprove RUMPUN’s female participants’ empowerment program, lives andrelationships?” and (2) Does the “active male support” intervention changeRUMPUN male participants’ attitudes and behavior regarding gender?” Then theoverarching research question is answered: “Does the addition of a male supportcomponent improve women’s empowerment programing?” This chapter consolidatesthe research finds and the theoretical significance of the research for both grassrootsand global development.３． 口述試験での質疑応答Ms. Kathryn Mangino’s dissertation committee convened on April 20, 2017 toconduct the oral examination of this dissertation. The defense lasted for about 90minutes.The main questions and suggestions from the committee members include thefollowing: Highlight workshop content in the body of the dissertation. Highlight the dissertator’s own role in the empowerment process and how herphysical presence affects the research. How are the days of men and women different in terms of gender division oflabor in the household? Their daily life should be graphically described inconcrete terms. The intervention needs to be explained in a bit more details so that how thistransformation happened can be understood better.The dissertator was able to answer the substance questions satisfactorily at the oralexamination. Ms. Kathryn Mangino agrees to edit the dissertation in accordance withthe suggestions.４． 評価と審査結果The committee acknowledges that this dissertation on the man’s role in women’sempowerment has important implications for both grassroots and globaldevelopment. Ms. Kathryn Mangino has done extensive research and collectedqualitative data in East Java, Indonesia. The dissertation has empirical originality,theoretical significance and policy relevance. The committee believes that therevised dissertation has reached the criteria for that of a doctoral dissertation, andtherefore recommends that Ms. Kathryn Mangino be awarded the doctorate for herwork.申請者名： ＭＡＮＧＩＮＯ， Ｋａｔｈｒｙｎ Ｍａｒｙ Ｂｕｂａｎ博士論文審査委員会主査 Ch ief E xamin er：氏名 Nam e: Yasushi KATSUMA ㊞ ( S i g n a t u r e )所属 Aff i l i a t i on : Waseda University, Graduate School of Asia-Pacif ic Studies職位 Ti t l e: Professor学位 D egr ee: Ph.D. 取得大学 C on f er r ed b y： Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison専門分野 Sp ec i a l t y: Development Studies副査 H ead D ep u t y E xamin er :氏名 Nam e: LIU-FARRER, Gracia ㊞ ( S i g n a t u r e )所属 Aff i l i a t i on : Waseda University, Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies職位 Ti t l e: Professor学位 D egr ee: Ph.D. 取得大学 Con f er r ed b y： Univ. of Chicago専門分野 Sp ec i a l t y: Sociology副査 D ep u t y E xamin e r :氏名 Nam e: KURODA, Kazuo ㊞ ( S i g n a t u r e )所属 Aff i l i a t i on : Waseda University, Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies職位 Ti t l e: Professor学位 D egr ee: Ph.D. 取得大学 Con fe r red b y： Cornell Univ.専門分野 Sp ec i a l t y: Education副査 D ep u t y E xamin e r :氏名 Nam e: KIM, Allen ㊞ ( S i g n a t u r e )所属 Aff i l i a t i on : International Christ ian University職位 Ti t l e: Associate Professor学位 D egr ee: Ph.D. 取得大学 Con f e r r ed b y： Univ. of California-Irvine専門分野 Sp ec i a l t y: Sociology２０17 年 04 月 20 日

The Man's Role in Women's Empowerment: A case study in Indonesia illustrates why gender work isn't a zero-sum game

https://waseda.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=40320&item_no=1&attribute_id=20&file_no=3

女性のエンパワーメントにおける男性の役割-ジェンダーへの取組みがゼロ・サム・ゲームでないことを示唆するインドネシアの事例-

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

DSpace at Waseda University

Waseda University Repository