Chow, Sai Pew

Saion, Elias

Shaari, Abdul Halim

Wan Yusoff, Wan Mohd Daud

Zainuddin, Hishamuddin

Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository

UPM Research Report 1997-2000, Section 2-Extended AbstractsDevelopment and Application of Giant Magnetostrictive and Magnetoresistive Materials*Al7dul Halim Shaari, Elias Saion, Wan Daud W. Yueuf, Hlehamuddln Zalnuddin and Chow Sal PewFacultyof ScienceandEnvironmentalStudiesUniversitiPutraMalaysia43400 UPM.Serdang,SelangorMalaysiaE-mail ofCorrespondingAuthor:ahalim@fsas.upm.edu.myKey words: giant magnetoresistance, colossal magnetoresistance, laser ablation, RF sputterring, granular thin films.IntroductionThis research work covers the growth,characterization and exploitation ofmagnetic granular thin films and bulkproperties (Lim et al. Kean Pah, 1998).Magnetoresistance (MR) in ferromag-netic/noble metal heterogeneous mate-rials has been widely studied since thediscovery of giant magnetoresistance(GMR) in granular materials. Cur-rently, GMR materials have been pre-pared and its properties have beenstudied. Another class of materials thathave much higher MR values called thecolossal magnetoresistive (CMR) mate-rials is also being researched into. MRis defined as ~RlRmin= [(R(B) - Rmin)/Rmin] where R (B) is the resistancewhen the applied field is B. Rminiseither the value of the resistance atsaturation or else the value of the re-sistance in the highest applied fieldavailable.Materials and MethodsGMR thin granular films of the fol-lowing combinations: Co-Cu. Ag-Ni,Co-Ag-Cu, Ag-Fe, NiFe-Cu, NiCr-Ag,NiFe-Ag and Fe-Ag have been fabri-cated using R.F. Magnetron sputteringtechnique (Lim et al. Kean Pah, 1998,Kabashi, 2(00) and Pulsed Laser Ab-lation Deposition (PLAD) (Jackson etal. 1996). The films were deposited onglass substrates at substrate tempera-ture less than 400°C. In sputtering, thesplit target consisting of both ferro-magnetic/noble metals matrix wasstationary while the substrate rotated atoff axis to the target. In the PLADtechnique, the situation is reversed.Surface and crystallinity of the filmswere studied using SEM and XRD.The MR values were measured using afour-point probe technique. Bulk CMRmaterials of La-Ca-Mn-O (LCMO)system was synthesized using conven-tional mixed-oxide solid state sintering.The effect of Bi, Sn, Gd and Dy doping190on Ca or La site were studied (Halim etal. 1998a, b, c).The electrical resistance was measuredin the temperature range of20-300 Kby a standard four- point techniqueusing a constant current source of 24rnA. Ac susceptibility measurementswere performed in then temperaturerange of 20-300K using an Ac susep-tometer (Lake shore Cryotonics- Model7(00). Identification of phases wasdone using a Siemens XRD machinewith Cu Ka radiation. SEM observedthe microstructure of the samples. MRwas measured between 77 K to roomtemperature in the applied de field of 0-1Tesla, using a spring-loaded four-point probeResults and DiscussionObservation of the surface of the films,prepared by sputtering, in the SEMshowed negligible droplets. However,on the surface of the film prepared byPLAD, droplets were observed due tothe splashing effect from the targetduring ablation. This effect couldcause interfacing problem in the fabri-cation of multi layers. In the case ofgranular films, this effect is minimal.The as prepared granular films of Co-Cu, Ag-Ni, Ag-Fe, NiFe-Cu, NiFe-Agand Fe-Ag are polycrystalline. How-ever, NiCr-Ag films are amorphouswhen prepared. Hence further anneal-ing was done to see the formation ofpolycrystalline structures. The bestannealing temperature was around 350°C. The resistance of the films dis-played conventional metallic behaviorbetween room temperature and 20 K.However some of the films were foundto be concave towards the temperatureaxis with a drop only 2.8% betweenroom temperature and low temperature.This non-metallic behavior can be at-tributed to impurity scattering fromdefects within the lattice structure andgrain boundaries. The room tempera-ture GMR value for AgNi film is closeto 4% (Lim et al. Kean Pah, 1998). Inpractical application this value is ade-quate, especially in the recording in-dustry. The effect of post annealinglowers but saturates the GMR values.This will stabilize the output when it isincorporated into the system. Theelectrical resistance of LCMO materi-als in zero applied fields showed asemiconductor-metal transition at tem-peratures lower than room temperature(Halim. et al. 1998c). This transitionmay be Anderson-Mott transition, asdiscussed by Beltiz and Kirkpatrik. Atabout the same temperature, this mate-rial also exhibits ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition. This phe-nomenon is explained using the doubleexchanged mechanism. Phase transi-tion was also studied by doping LCMOwith either magnetic or non-magneticelements (Halim, et aI. 1998a, b, c).Magnetic elements tend to destroy theferromagnetism more than the non-magnetic elements (Koh et al. 2001)].Thin films of LCMO fabricated viapulsed laser ablation method showsalmost similar characteristic as that ofthe bulk.Conclusionsi) Granular GMR films are easily pre-pared via sputtering of the split targets.ii) Magnetic elements tend to destroythe ferromagnetism more than the non-magnetic elements and hence favorsthe super-exchange mechanism.iii) Annealing helps to saturate theGMR values and hence solved thelinearity problem if the films are to beincorporated into the detection, meas-uring or sensing system.iv) Bulk CMR materials show excitingmagnetic and transport behaviour,where at a particular temperature, thismaterial exhibits Anderson-Matt tran-sition as well as ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition. These phe-nomena could be explained via doubleexchange mechanism.Applied Sciences and TechnologiesBenefits from the studyThese studies provide following infor-mation:i) The effect of doping of non-magneticelement is less severe than magneticdoping.ii) The room temperature GMR valuefor AgNi film is close to 4%. In practi-cal application this value is adequate,especially in the recording industry.iii) Colossal magnetoresistive thinfilms can be successfully fabricated bypulsed laser ablation method.iv) These films having huge MR hasgood potential applications as sensorelements that can be incorporated intoMEMS technologyLiterature cited in the textHalim, S.A., Koh, S.F., Chow, S.P .• Saion,E.B. and Daud, W.Y.W. 1998c.Semiconducting and Magnetic ~opertiesof Lao.67Cao.33Mnl.,Dy,03Ceramics.Proceedings of the [CSE, IEEE 98.pp.194-19S.Halirn, S.A.. Koh, S.F .. Majeed Azad, A ..Chow, S.P., Saion, E.B .•Mohamed, S.B.,Azhan, H. and Zainuddin, H.I99Sb.Effect of Vanadium doping on theMagnetic and Electronic Properties Lao.67Cao.33Mnl.,v,03 Ceramics. To bepublished in the Proceedings of theMalaysian Science and TechnologyCongress. J. Bahru, 30-31 Oct.Halim, S.A.. Soon. S.S .•Majeed Azad, A.,Chow. S.P., Saion, E.B., Hashim, M.,Mohamed, S.B., Khawaldeh, S.A andZainuddin, H. I998a. Structural,Magnetic and Electrical Properties of(La,.,Bi,)o.67Cao.33Mn03Ceramics,Proceedings of Fourth InternationalConference on Advances in Materials andProcessing AMPT 98.1: 51-57Jackson. TJ., Palmer, S.B., Blythe, HJ. andHalim, S.A, 1996. GiantMagnetoresistance in Granular CobaltCopper Thin Films Prepared by PulsedLaser Ablation Deposition, JournalMagnetism and Magnetic Materials, U.K.159: 269-281.Koh, S.P. 2000. The Transport. Magneticand Magnetoresistive Properties ofLao.67Cao.33Mnl.,A,03[A=V,Dy and ZrlPerovskites. Thesis M.Sc.Lim, K.P. 1998. Giant Magnetoresistanceof Silver Nickel Iron Granular MagneticThin Filmns Prepared By RF MagnetronSputtering System. Thesis M.Sc.Project Publications inRefereed JournalsHalim, S.A., Lam., H.S., Majeed Azad, A.,Mohamed, S.B. and Azhan, H. 1999. Theinfluence of Sintering Temperature on theMagnetic Property of(Lao.l7BiolO)Cao.nMn03Ceramics. J.Solid St. Sci. Technol. 7(1): 134-141.Halim, S.A., Lim, K.P., Hashim, M., Chow,S.P., Zainuddin, H. and Saion, E.B. 1998.Structural And Giant MagnetoresistanceProperties In AgNi Fe And AgFe ThinGranular Magnetic Films. Jurnal FizikMalaysia. 19(3): 93 - 97.Halim. S.A., Lim, K.P., Regina, W.K.K.,Elias, S.B. and Kabashi, K.K. 1999. Theinfluence of Heat Treatment on TheMagnetoresistive Effect of AgNiFeGranular Films. J. Solid St. Sci. TechnolLetts. 6(2): 69-77.Jackson, T.1., Palmer, S.B., Blythe, H.J. andHalim, S.A. 1996. GiantMagnetoresistance in Granular CobaltCopper Thin Films Prepared by PulsedLaser Ablation Deposition, JournalMagnetism and Magnetic Materials. U.K.159: 269-281.Lim. K.P., Halim, S.A., Chow, S.P.,Hishamuddin, Z., Saion, E.B.. Khoo. S.P.and Ng. L.S. 1999. GiantMagnetoresistance in AgNiFe and AgNiGranular Magnetic Thin Films. Sci.Int.(Lahore). 1J(2): 139-140.Lim, K.P., Halim, S.A., Kabashi, K.K., Yu,O.S., Koh, S.F., Huda, A., Zainuddin, H.and Chow, S.P. 2001. GiantMagnetoresistance Studies of Silver-Copper-Cobalt Granular Films. J. SolidSt. Sci. Technol Letts. 8(1& 2): 89-93.Lim, K.P., Halim, S.A., Khoo, S.P. and Ng,L.S. 1998. Giant magnetoresistance inAgNiFe and AgFe granular MagneticThin Films. J. Solid St. Sci. Technol.Letts. 5(2): 92-97.Yu, O.S., Halim, S.A., Lim, K.P., Kabashi,K.K., Chow, S.P., Zainuddin. H., Koh,S.F. and Huda, A. 2001. The influence ofHeat Treatment on the Magnetoresistanceof Nickel-Cobalt-Copper. J. Solid St. Sci.Technol Letts. 8(1& 2): 100-105.Project Publications inConference ProceedingsHalim SA, Koh SF, Chow SP. Saion EB,Mansor, Hand Daud, WYW. (1998).Semi conducting and Magnetic Propertiesof Lao.6~ao.33Mn1.,Dy, 03 Ceramics.Proceedings of the ICSE, IEEE 98.pp.194-198.Halim, S.A., Koh, S.F., Lim, K.P., Imad, H.and Sidek, H.A.A. 2001. ColossalMagnetoresistance of Zirconium dopedManganite Perovskite. Abstract, ICMAT200 I, Singapore. Pp.IIS.Halim, S.A., Koh, S.F., Majeed Azad A.,Chow, S.P., Saion, E.B., Mohamed, S.B.,Azahan, H. and .Zainuddin, H. 1998.Effect of Vanadium doping on theMagnetic and Electronic PropertiesLao.67Cao."Mnl.,V,O, Ceramics.Proceedings of the Malaysian Science andTechnology Congress 98, Vol I. Pp.359-366.Halim, S.A., Lim, K.P., Kabashi, K.K., Yu,O.S., Koh, S.F. and Elias, S.B.1999.Effect of Heat Treatment on The GiantMagnetoresistance of Silver Iron GranularMagnetic Thin Films. Proceedings ofIEEE National Symposium onMicroelectronics (NSM 99). Pp.150-157.Halim, S.A., Soon, S.S., Majeed Azad, A.,Chow, S.P., Saion, S.B., Hashim, M.,Mohammed, S.B., Khawaldeh, S.A. andZainuddin, H. 1998. Structural, Magneticand Electrical Properties of (Laj,,Bi,)o.67Cao.3,MnO,Ceramics.Proceedings of Fourth InternationalConference on Advances in Materials andProcessing AMPT 9S. Pp.51-57.Halirn, S.A.,.Koh, S.F ...Chow.S.P.,.Zainuddin, H.• Lim, K.P .•Yu, O.S.and Kabashi, K.K. 2000. Effect of ZrDoping on The SemiconductingProperties of LaCa MnO Ceramics. In:Proceedings International Conference onSemiconductor Electronics. ICSE 2000.Pp. 255-260.Khoo, S.P., Ng, L.S., Lim, K.P. and Halim,S.A. 1977. Preparation of GranularMagnetic Thin Films UsingR.F.Magnetron Sputtering System" Proc.Malaysian Science & TechnologyCongress '97.Pp. 225-230.Koh, S.F., Halim, S.A., Lim, K.P., Kabashi, .K.K., Yu, O.S .• Chow. S.P. andZainuddin, H. 2000. ColossalMagnetoresistance of Vanadium DopedLa-Ca-Mn-O Ceramics. In: ProceedingsInternational Conference on Advances inStrategic Technologies, ICAST 2000. Pp.567-575.Yu, O.S .. Halim, S.A., Lim, K.P., Kabashi,K.K. and Koh, S.F. 2000. Thickness andTemperature Dependences of GMR inCoCu and CuCoNi Granular Films. In:Proceedings International Conference onAdvances in Strategic Technologies,ICAST 2000. Pp. 621-626.Yu, O.S .. Halim, S.A.. Lim. K.P., Kabashi,K.K., Chow, S.P., Zainuddin, H. and Koh,S.F. 2000. Influence of AnnealingTemperature On Magnetoresistance of191UPM Research Repo,,1997·2000. 5~ctlon 2-EKtended Abstracts('"balt'('''''''''r Granular him.. In:!'flue,hng' ,'I:I(I-IK ~fMM'.I'p.~I'J·~15.Graduate ResearchLim Kean !,;ili.IW1!.~blcnal. SciencefMagncl",c",II\'C Malenah, IM.S.IUmver-ui Putra ~bl.Y'ia.Kh"" Suat l'hin.I'J'J'J.Matcrials SciencefMagnct",c,istive Materials) IM.SIUniversiti Putra Malaysia.192K.K. Kaha,hi.2fX)().Matcriuls Science(Magnctnrcsistivc Materials) II\1.SI.Universiti Putra Malaysia.Koh Sung Fuu.20m.Materials Science(Mugnetoresistive Materiuls) IM.SIUniversiu Putra Malaysia,Research funded by the Intensification of Researchin Pri"rity urea, (IRI'M· Supported by IRP/\ RM·7(1')t)(,·2!XXI).Cycle 11)<)(,. Grant ()<)·fl2·04·fKll\l.

Development and application of giant magnetostrictive and magnetoresistive materials

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Development and application of giant magnetostrictive and magnetoresistive materials

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