Altindis, Mustafa

Caballero Gómez, Javier

Mirazo, Santiago

Moroni, Barbara

English

LAReferencia - Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas Latinoamericanas

TYPE EditorialPUBLISHED 16 July 2024DOI 10.3389/fvets.2024.1454535OPEN ACCESSEDITED AND REVIEWED BYMichael Ward,The University of Sydney, Australia*CORRESPONDENCEBarbara Moronibarbara.moroni@izsto.itRECEIVED 25 June 2024ACCEPTED 27 June 2024PUBLISHED 16 July 2024CITATIONCaballero Gómez J, Mirazo S, Altindis M andMoroni B (2024) Editorial: Insights in emergingor re-emerging zoonoses.Front. Vet. Sci. 11:1454535.doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1454535COPYRIGHT© 2024 Caballero Gómez, Mirazo, Altindis andMoroni. This is an open-access articledistributed under the terms of the CreativeCommons Attribution License (CC BY). Theuse, distribution or reproduction in otherforums is permitted, provided the originalauthor(s) and the copyright owner(s) arecredited and that the original publication inthis journal is cited, in accordance withaccepted academic practice. No use,distribution or reproduction is permittedwhich does not comply with these terms.Editorial: Insights in emerging orre-emerging zoonosesJavier Caballero Gómez1,2,3, Santiago Mirazo4, Mustafa Altindis5and Barbara Moroni6*1Center for Biomedical Research in Infectious Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid,Spain, 2Clinical Virology and Zoonoses Group, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba(IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain, 3Animal Health and Zoonoses Research Group, University of Cordoba,Córdoba, Spain, 4Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad deMedicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, 5Department of Medical Microbiology,Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Serdivan, Türkiye, 6Experimental ZooprophylacticInstitute for Piedmont, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Turin, ItalyKEYWORDSpublic health, zoonoses, emerging, epidemiology, surveillanceEditorial on the Research TopicInsights in emerging or re-emerging zoonosesThe recent COVID-19 pandemic and the frequent cross-species transmission frombirds to mammals of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) strikinglyunderscore that the battle against emerging infectious diseases is far from over.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 60% of human pathogensoriginate from animals, and 75% of pathogens responsible for emerging and reemerginganimal diseases have the potential to cross the animal-human interface. Thus, theemergence of zoonotic diseases is a global multifaceted problem that should be addressedthrough an integrated approach by the scientific community.The main goal of this Research Topic was to provide a comprehensive collection ofresearch studies on the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathology of infections caused byemerging or re-emerging zoonotic pathogens, including viruses, parasites, and bacteriaaffecting humans, domestic animals and wildlife. The 13 manuscripts of this ResearchTopic explore different aspects of emerging infectious diseases across the globe, including10 original research studies, one review, and two brief research reports.As a major outcome, around 70% of the published papers are related to viral pathogens,with a special focus on Asian countries, while the remaining focus on bacterial and parasiticdiseases across the globe. Both domestic animals (companion and livestock) and wildlifehave been investigated throughout the Research Topic as a potential source of infectiousdiseases with zoonotic potential in different socioeconomical and environmental contexts.A strong link between poor animal welfare levels and zoonotic risks has been foundby Mace and Knight in their review describing risk factors for the transmission of avianinfluenza (AI). They highlighted how the risks from industrial animal farming, especiallymixed swine and poultry farms, are high. Reducing stress in farmed animals is crucialfor their immunocompetence and to minimize disease risks. The authors advise againstintensive farms and recommend lowering stocking densities to improve animal healthand welfare.Hinjoy et al., explored how poultry movement patterns in Thailand may explain AIspread over the networks once introduced using network analysis approaches. In 2021,poultry trades were recorded among 338 farmers and eight traders. The authors mapped99 subdistricts and 181 trade links, finding feedback loops in 56 subdistricts. This networkFrontiers in Veterinary Science 01 frontiersin.orgCaballero Gómez et al. 10.3389/fvets.2024.1454535illustrates that the poultry trade in three border provinces ofThailand was relatively localized highlighting potential AI spreadpathways. Enhanced surveillance and control in high-trade areascan mitigate AI transmission, and social network analysis improvesrisk communication and biosecurity, enabling targeted strategiesfor more effective and efficient disease risk reduction across thevalue chain.The evolution and possible origin of influenza viruses isolatedfrom bats and birds is reported by Karamendin et al.. Bat H9 viruseslikely originated from avian H9, with neutralizing antibodiesdetected in African bats. The Caspian region, a major migratoryroute, could facilitate viral mixing in different species. Increasinghuman H9N2 infections in Asia raise pandemic concerns,highlighting the need for regular monitoring of H9 virus in animaland human populations to ensure pandemic preparedness.Different international organizations, such as WHO or EFSA,have pointed out the need to monitor other emerging and zoonoticviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. In this Research Topic, a large-scale survey was carried out in Thailand by describing the sero-epidemiology of this virus in dogs and cats during the first andfourth waves of the Thailand COVID-19 outbreak between 2020and 2021. The results of their study revealed seropositivity ineight out of 3,099 individuals sampled (0.26%), specifically in threecats and five dogs. Ongoing surveillance in companion animals,especially cats, is crucial due to their potential susceptibility to newvariants. This could create viral reservoirs and facilitate human-animal transmission.It is of paramount importance tomaintain active surveillance ofzoonotic emerging infectious diseases also at the livestock/humaninterface and wildlife/human interface, as highlighted by Ryooet al. and Zhou et al., they report infection with a novel strainof foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) in cattle and goatand Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) in a 12-year-old captive maleSiberian tiger from China, respectively. While Ryoo et al. providedevidenced how emergency vaccination and intensive surveillanceprograms reduced the spread of the new FMDV strain, Zhou etal. underlines the urgent need to control PIV5 in zoo animals toprevent interspecies transmission. PIV5 mutations in wild animalsoffer potential candidates for researching virus evolution andtransmission mechanisms.As a re-emerging neglected zoonosis, rabies represents oneof the most significant public health concerns worldwide dueto its fatal evolution. The study by Punyapornwithaya et al.aimed to predicting the incidence of canine rabies in Thailandusing time series methodologies. They identified 4,678 confirmedcanine rabies cases, showing seasonal patterns. The TBATS modeldemonstrated good predictive accuracy, forecasting an annualaverage of 285 cases (23 monthly) for 2023–2025. The study byPunyapornwithaya et al. offers advanced time series methodologiesfor infectious disease forecasting, introducing surveillancemethodsfor rabies prevention, and control efforts.Another comprehensive contribution on rabies has been doneby Cunha et al., who reported the circulation of three Lyssavirusvariants and their epidemiological importance in the north andnortheast regions of Brazil, which harbor a large diversity of hosts,including bats. As highlighted by the authors, the emergence ofLyssavirus, facilitated by diverse bats and interspecies interaction,poses risks of spillover events and new viral strains. Marmosets(Callithrix jacchus) in Brazil serve as a unique reservoir for rabies,with implications for human infections. Control efforts shouldfocus also on urban rabies while major challenges persist withwild animals.Bacterial infections can also be causative agents of importantzoonotic emerging or re-emerging diseases, such as brucellosis andsalmonellosis. In their cross-sectional study, Ahad et al. describedseroprevalence of brucellosis in camels, sheep, and goats, andtheir owners from Ethiopia, and analyzed risk factors collected viaquestionnaire. The study revealed a 5% brucellosis seroprevalencein camels, sheep, goats, and humans. Herd size and retainedfetal membranes were risk factors for animal seropositivity, whilehuman seropositivity correlated with contact with seropositiveanimals and assisting during calving or birthing. This studyhighlights again the usefulness of the “One Health” approach whileplanning control strategies and surveillance programs.Even in remote islands such as the Cayman Islands(Caribbean), the epidemiological surveillance of zoonosis atthe wildlife/livestock interface is of paramount importance toprevent new outbreaks in humans. Watler et al., investigatedwhether Salmonella could be introduced in the local poultry byimport through the collection of boot swabs, paper bedding, andcecum samples from imported and feral chickens in the CaymanIslands. The results highlighted that Salmonella in the CaymanIslands mainly originates from imported day-old chicks. Whileferal chicken serotypes match those commonly found in humans,their low virulence and the absence of antimicrobial resistancemitigate overall health risks. Antibiotic resistance is concerningand underscores the need for stricter import controls and ongoingsurveillance programs.In particular, multi-drug resistance (MDR) has been considereda major plague globally in recent years, and both livestockand companion animals are considered sentinels to prevent thisphenomenon in humans. Abad-Fau et al., reported an alarminglyhigh percentage (71.15%) of multidrug resistant E. coli fromurine samples of dogs suffering from urinary infections in Spain,underlying how dogs may harbor MDR pathogenic E. coli,potentially facilitating antimicrobial resistance transmission tohumans. Continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance andupdating therapeutic guidelines is imperative in veterinary clinicsto mitigate these concerns.While of minor spread, Streptococcus suis can be an importantzoonotic pathogen, especially if considered as an occupationaldisease in the swine sector causing a wide range of fataldiseases (among others, septicemia, endocarditis, meningitis, andpneumonia) in humans. Zong et al., investigated genes andmetabolites crucial for the survival of S. suis 2 aiming to identifypotential targets for preventing and managing S. suis 2 infections.Finally, some parasitosis can be regarded as significant re-emerging neglected zoonotic diseases, such as leishmaniosis causedby Leishmania infantum. Domestic dogs are the most importantreservoir of this parasitic protozoa, and surveillance to enable earlydiagnosis is key to controlling it. In this regard, Sarquis et al.contributed with novel important insights in the managementof canine leishmaniosis through the validation of a new clinicaldiagnostic biomarker. Circulating immune complexes were testedFrontiers in Veterinary Science 02 frontiersin.orgCaballero Gómez et al. 10.3389/fvets.2024.1454535as potential biomarkers to diagnose canine leishmaniosis, andalso to track the progression of the disease. Again, from a OneHealth perspective, this study will further contribute to preventand control a major parasitic disease that can affect humansand animals.Author contributionsJC: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. SM:Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. MA: Writing– original draft, Writing – review & editing. BM:Writing – originaldraft, Writing – review & editing.FundingThe author(s) declare financial support was received for theresearch, authorship, and/or publication of this article. JC issupported by the CIBERINFEC (CB21/13/00083), Carlos III HealthInstitute, Spanish Ministry of Science and NextGenerationEU.Conflict of interestThe authors declare that the research was conducted in theabsence of any commercial or financial relationships that could beconstrued as a potential conflict of interest.Publisher’s noteAll claims expressed in this article are solely those of theauthors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliatedorganizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and thereviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, orclaim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed orendorsed by the publisher.Frontiers in Veterinary Science 03 frontiersin.org

Editorial: Insights in emerging or re-emerging zoonoses

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Editorial: Insights in emerging or re-emerging zoonoses

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