Visualization of the pH Response through Autofluorescent Poly(styrene-<i>alt</i>-<i>N</i>‑maleimide) Polyelectrolyte Brushes

Abstract

Polyelectrolyte brushes can undergo reversible conformational transitions in response to changes in environmental pH and ionic strength. Therefore, they offer great potential for the design of “smart” surfaces and surface-based sensing devices. Herein, we report weak acidic polyelectrolyte brushes with pH-dependent autofluorescence based on alternating copolymers of styrene and tailor-made N-maleimides, which exhibit “clusteroluminescence” due to the through-space conjugation of π-chromophoric subfluorophores. Swelling behavior of the polyelectrolyte brushes was evaluated as a function of pH via in-solution atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. The correlation between the pH-induced conformational transitions and autofluorescence was confirmed with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and two-photon laser scanning microscopy. Poly(styrene-alt-N-maleimide)-based well-defined, stable polyelectrolyte brushes, generating optical signals from conformational changes without conventional fluorophores, may enable the design of sensors and optoelectronic devices