Forest plots and pooled estimates hazard ratios of social isolation for all-cause mortality are shown separately for different social isolation assessment tools.

Abstract

The hazard ratio among the studies using the Berkman-Syme Social Network Index to assess social isolation is 1.35 (95% CI; 1.24–1.47) with substantial heterogeneity (heterogeneity: Chi² = 39.10, P < 0.0001, I² = 74%) whereas that among the remainders is 1.33 (95% CI; 1.23–1.44) with substantial heterogeneity (heterogeneity: Chi² = 60.22, P < 0.00001, I² = 73%).</p