Mechanisms of viral capture.

Abstract

The liver appears to be the main mediator of viral vascular clearance. However, the specific mechanisms of removing virions from the circulation is distinct and virus-specific. The removal of AdV particles is mainly performed by KCs; however, some of the receptors shown to interact with AdV can also be expressed by LSECs (SR-F1 and SR-A1). In addition to SRs (SR-F1, SR-A1, and SR-A6), nAb, and CRIg also promote clearance of AdV from the bloodstream. For arthritogenic alphaviruses (CHIKV, RRV, and ONNV), clearance is mediated specifically by SR-A6 (MARCO) and KCs. However, particles that have a single point mutation to replace a lysine residue on the E2 glycoprotein (K200X for CHIKV and ONNV; K251X for RRV) evade capture. For the flaviviruses DENV and WNV, the type of virion glycosylation present affects clearance mediated by MBL. Specifically, MBL binds the high-mannose glycosylated virus particles, but not virions decorated with complex glycosylation. However, MBL is not the only mediator of DENV and WNV clearance, and it is clear another, as-yet-unknown mechanism also exists. This figure was created with BioRender.com. AdV, adenovirus; CHIKV, chikungunya virus; DENV, dengue virus; KC, Kupffer cell; LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell; MBL, mannose-binding lectin; nAb, natural antibodies; ONNV, o’nyong’nyong virus; RRV, Ross River virus; WNV, West Nile virus.</p