Quantile-quantile plots of observed <i>p-</i>values versus expected <i>p</i>-values on a base 10 logarithm scale with genomic inflation factors for GWAS of the different multiple traits representing the poplar leaf shape.

Abstract

LWs indicate the multiple traits of leaf length and 4 different leaf widths. RD06, RD09, RD11, RD16, and RD61 indicate the multiple traits of 6, 9, 11, 16, and 61 regular polar radii between the leaf centroid and edge points across −π/2 to π/2, respectively.</p