An Insight on the Gold(I) Affinity of <i>golB</i> Protein via Multilevel Computational Approaches

Abstract

Several bacterial species have evolutionary developed protein systems specialized in the control of intracellular gold ion concentration. In order to prevent the detrimental consequences that may be induced even at very low concentrations, bacteria such as Salmonella enterica and Cupriavidus metallidurans utilize Au-specific merR-type transcriptional regulators that detect these toxic ions and control the expression of specific resistance factors. Among these highly specialized proteins, golB has been investigated in depth, and X-ray structures of both apo and Au­(I)-bound golB have been recently reported. Here, the binding of Au­(I) at golB was investigated by means of multilevel computational approaches. Molecular dynamics simulations evidenced how conformations amenable for the Au­(I) chelation through the Cys-XX-Cys motif on helix 1 are extensively sampled in the phase space of apo-golB. Hybrid QM/MM calculations on metal-bound structures of golB also allowed to characterize the most probable protonation state for gold binding motif and to assess the structural features mostly influencing the Au­(I) coordination in this protein. Consistently with experimental evidence, we found that golB may control its Au­(I) affinity by conformational changes that affect the distance between Cys10 and Cys13, thus being able to switch between the Au­(I) sequestration/release-prone states in response to external stimuli. The protein structure enveloping the metal binding motif favors the thiol–thiolate protonation state of Au­(I)-golB, thus probably enhancing the binding selectivity for Au­(I) compared to other cations