Hypertonic stress with NaCl induces different forms of cytoplasmic translocation and granule formation of TDP-43 in a concentration-dependent manner.

Abstract

<p>(A) The localization patterns of endogenous TDP-43 under different stress conditions. In unstressed HEK293T cells, total TDP-43 is predominantly nuclear (top panel). With sorbitol and low NaCl (0.2M) stress, TDP-43 translocates to the cytoplasm and colocalizes with the stress granule marker G3BP (middle panels). With high NaCl (0.3M) stress, TDP-43 translocates to the cytoplasm but forms smaller granules that do not colocalize with G3BP (bottom panel). Scale bar: 5 µM. (B) Phosphorylated TDP-43 (p-TDP-43) is primarily localized to the cytoplasm. With sorbitol and low NaCl (0.2M) stress, p-TDP-43 colocalizes with G3BP. With high NaCl (0.3M) stress, p-TDP-43 does not colocalize with G3BP. Scale bar: 5 µM.</p