Simulated phantoms used in algorithm validation, with theoretical fractal dimensions ranging between 1 and 3.

Abstract

(a) Circle: radius = 8, image size: 120 x 120, line width is 1 pixel (theoretical FD = 1). (b) Fourth-iteration Koch, image size: 283 x 84, line width is 1 pixel (theoretical FD = 1.2619). (c) 3D random Cantor set with p = 0.7, image size: 128 x 128 x 128, Voxels set to 1 (theoretical FD = 2.485).</p