Lithiation Behavior of Individual Carbon-Coated Fe₃O₄ Nanowire Observed by in Situ TEM

Abstract

Fe3O4 nanowires, as a typical transition-metal oxide (TMO), are being considered as promising anodes for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to their 1D structure and high specific capacity. However, their underlying mechanism and electrochemical behaviors are still poorly understood. Here, the dynamic behavior and the electrochemical reaction of the carbon-coated Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@C) nanowire have been investigated directly through assembling a nanoscale LIBs inside transmission electron microscope (TEM). The in situ TEM results reveal that the Fe3O4 nanowires undergo cracking and fracturing upon the first lithiation, but the carbon coatings still embrace the oxide cores well after lithiation and play a role in maintaining the mechanical and electrical integrity. Meanwhile the lithiation process involves the conversion of Fe3O4 nanowires to Fe nanograins and the formation of Li2O along the lithium ions diffusion direction. The delithiated product is FeO rather than the original phase of Fe3O4 after the first delithiation process. This irreversible phase conversion may be a major cause of capacity fading of the electrode in the first cycle. As for the Fe3O4 electrode, about 78% of the capacity loss can be attributed to the irreversible phase reaction in the first cycle. During the subsequent lithiation-delithiation cycles, the Fe3O4 electrode shows a reversible conversion between Fe and FeO nanograins, accounting for the good reversibility of Fe3O4 anodes for LIBs. Our in situ results provide important insights into the electrochemical behavior and conversion mechanism of TMO-based anodes in LIBs and are helpful for designing LIBs with outstanding performance