Results of multiyear (2011-2017) aerosol monitoring were used to compare the spectral aerosol optical depths (AOD) of the atmosphere, measured with different sun photometers at three Arctic stations on Spitsbergen Archipelago: Hornsund, Barentsburg, Ny-Ålesund. In addition to agreement of data in three regions, we also found that AOD in Barentsburg slightly (comparable to error) exceeds those from other stations located 110-120 km away. The AOD discrepancy is more pronounced in the shortwave part of the spectrum, indicating more abundant fine-mode aerosol in Barentsburg

Kabanov, Dmitry

Kruglinsky, Ivan

Ritter, Christoph

Sakerin, Sergey

Sobolewski, Piotr

Zielinski, Tymon

Stone

Morys

Savatyugin

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Comparison of atmospheric aerosol optical depths measured with different sun photometers in three regions of Spitsbergen Archipelago

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PROCEEDINGS OF SPIESPIEDigitalLibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spieComparison of atmospheric aerosoloptical depths measured withdifferent sun photometers in threeregions of Spitsbergen ArchipelagoDmitry M. Kabanov, Sergey M. Sakerin, Ivan A. Kruglinsky,Christoph Ritter, Piotr S. Sobolewski, et al.Dmitry M. Kabanov, Sergey M. Sakerin, Ivan A. Kruglinsky, Christoph Ritter,Piotr S. Sobolewski, Tymon Zielinski, "Comparison of atmospheric aerosoloptical depths measured with different sun photometers in three regions ofSpitsbergen Archipelago," Proc. SPIE 10833, 24th International Symposiumon Atmospheric and Ocean Optics: Atmospheric Physics, 1083342 (13December 2018); doi: 10.1117/12.2503949Event: XXIV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics,Atmospheric Physics, 2018, Tomsk, Russian FederationDownloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie on 02 Oct 2019  Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use  Comparison of atmospheric aerosol optical depths measured with different sun photometers in three regions of Spitsbergen Archipelago  Dmitry M. Kabanova*, Sergey M. Sakerina, Ivan A. Kruglinskyb, Cristoph Ritterc, Piotr S. Sobolewskid, Tymon Zielinskie aV.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Zuev Square 1, Tomsk, Russia, 634021; bTomsk State University, Lenin Ave. 36, Tomsk, Russia, 634050; cAlfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany; dInstitute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; eInstitute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland ABSTRACT Results of multiyear (2011-2017) aerosol monitoring were used to compare the spectral aerosol optical depths (AOD) of the atmosphere, measured with different sun photometers at three Arctic stations on Spitsbergen Archipelago: Hornsund, Barentsburg, Ny-Ålesund. In addition to agreement of data in three regions, we also found that AOD in Barentsburg slightly (comparable to error) exceeds those from other stations located 110-120 km away. The AOD discrepancy is more pronounced in the shortwave part of the spectrum, indicating more abundant fine-mode aerosol in Barentsburg.  Keywords: aerosol optical depth, Spitsbergen 1. INTRODUCTION Method of sun photometry of the atmosphere is widely used in aerosol studies at network stations and, in particular, in hard-to-reach and less studied regions of Arctic1-5. Photometric observations of direct solar radiation in different parts of spectrum make it possible to determine the aerosol optical depth (AOD), as well as atmospheric column contents of water vapor and ozone. Based on spectral measurements of atmospheric AOD, the methods of solution of inverse problems are used to retrieve additionally the aerosol microstructure parameters. The Spitsbergen Archipelago is one of the most high-latitude regions, where multiyear measurements of spectral AOD of the atmosphere have been conducted at three scientific stations (in the order of decreasing latitude): 1) Ny-Ålesund (AWI, Germany); 2) Barentsburg (AARI and IAO SB RAS, Russia); 3) Hornsund (IGF and IO PAN, Poland). Distances from Barentsburg to Ny-Ålesund and Hornsund stations are 110 and 120 km respectively. Mutual positions of these stations are shown in Figure 1. The main characteristics of the photometers are presented in Table 1. Atmospheric AOD has been most long (from April 2000) observed in scientific settlement Ny-Ålesund (78°54′N, 11°53′E) with the use of the sun photometers SP1A and SP2H6. Analogous measurements were initiated in 2005 in settlement Hornsund (77°00′N, 15°34′E) with the help of СЕ 318 Sun-Sky radiometer (AERONET)7 and portable sun photometer Microtops II8. Monitoring of optical and microphysical characteristics of aerosol had been initiated in 2011 at Russian scientific center in Barentsburg settlement9 (78°04′N, 14°13′E). AOD was first measured with portable sun photometer SPM10, which in 2015 was changed to automated photometer SP-9 with Sun tracking system. Measurements with different types of sun photometers and methods of calculating the atmospheric AOD can be intercompared in view of the relatively small distance between the scientific stations. Data comparison is very important for a more reliable aerosol monitoring. In addition, the observations in neighboring regions make it possible to estimate the spatial inhomogeneities in AOD, caused by natural factors, or a possible anthropogenic influence of the bigger Barentsburg settlement. * dkab@iao.ru; phone +7 (3822) 492-848; fax +7 (3822) 492-086; contact@iao.ru  24th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics: Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko, Oleg A. Romanovskii, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 10833, 1083342  © 2018 SPIE · CCC code: 0277-786X/18/$18 · doi: 10.1117/12.2503949Proc. of SPIE Vol. 10833  1083342-1Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie on 02 Oct 2019Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use  10oE 15oE 20oE 25oE 30oE77oN78oN79oN80oNSpitsbergen ArchipelagoNy-AlesundBarentsburgHornsund Fig. 1. Location of the AOD observation points in the Spitsbergen archipelago  Table 1. Characteristics of Sun-photometers at three scientific stations of the Spitsbergen archipelago  Scientific stations (groups) Sun-photometers Range of spectrum // number of spectral channels of AOD Ny-Alesund (AWI, Germany) SP1A SP2H 0.37-1.06 μm // 13 0.37-1.05 μm // 12 Barentsburg (AARI and IOA SB RAS, Russia) SPM SP-9 0.34-2.14 μm // 11 0.34-2.14 μm // 13 Hornsund (GSFC/NASA and IGF PAN, Poland) (IO PAN, Poland)Cimel СЕ 318 Microtops II 0.34-1.05 μm // 7 0.34-0.87 μm // 4  Authors of work5 carefully overviewed the studies of aerosol characteristics in different regions of Arctic in the recent period (2000-2012). AOD measurements at two stations on Spitsbergen (Ny-Ålesund and Hornsund) in 2010-2015 were analyzed in more detail in work11. Comparison of data of independent (with respect to periods of) measurements at these stations showed that AOD values are much larger at Hornsund. The average difference in the annual and seasonal AOD values at the wavelength 0.55 µm is 0.01-0.02. The discrepancies in the data are mainly observed in periods of Arctic haze and outflows of smokes from forest fires that are differently manifested in the two Spitsbergen regions. When situations with elevated atmospheric turbidities are excluded from consideration, the AOD difference becomes insignificant. In the present work, we compare AOD in three regions of Spitsbergen: Barentsburg against Ny-Ålesund and Hornsund. It is important to note that our results cannot be considered as an intercalibration of photometers, when measurements are performed at a single location at the same time; correspondingly, the differences between the data depend only on instrumental-methodic errors of measurement facilities. In the given case, an additional (and, possibly, main) factor of AOD differences is that weather conditions differ in each of the regions: local weather conditions, intensity of anthropogenic aerosol sources, type and state of the underlying surface, relief, etc. 2. RESULTS In contrast to11, the AOD differences in the neighboring regions were estimated by comparing the data of quasi-synchronous (nearly time coincident) measurements with two photometers: “Barentsburg – Hornsund” and “Barentsburg - Ny-Ålesund”. The set of hourly average (integer value of hour ±30 min) AOD values, measured in Barentsburg with SPМ or SP-9 (henceforth SPМ) photometers was taken as a basis. We analogously prepared the sets of hourly average AOD values, measured at Hornsund or Ny-Ålesund. Then, the datasets from photometers intercompared were “tailored”, if AOD measurements differed by no more than Δt = 1 h in time. (Comparison was also done for other Δt, which however altered little the ultimate result).  Proc. of SPIE Vol. 10833  1083342-2Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie on 02 Oct 2019Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use  From comparison of joint data it can be seen (Figure 2) that the largest differences are observed for large AOD values during outflows of forest fire smokes and other extreme turbidities. These rare events differ by large spatial AOD inhomogeneity and introduce considerable distortions in comparison results. Therefore, in ultimate form the data were intercompared for AOD (0.5 µm) < 0.2. Scatter diagrams of the joint AOD values for this case are presented in Figure 3: (a) “Barentsburg – Hornsund” and (b) “Barentsburg - Ny-Ålesund”. Equations of linear regression between AOD values in the neighboring regions have the form: (a) Y = 0.028 + 0.532⋅X (dotted line), Y = 0.841 X (solid line); (b) Y = 0.015 + 0.637⋅X (dotted line), and Y = 0.810 X (solid line).  0.2 0.4 0.6 0.80.10.20.30.40.5τa0.5 [CE-318]τa0.5 [SPM]0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.350.10.20.30.40.50.60.7τa0.5 [SP1A]τa0.5 [SPM] Fig. 2. Diagram of scattering of joint values of AOD (0.5 μm) «Barentsburg - Hornsund» (а) and «Barentsburg - Ny-Alesund» (b)  0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.200.000.050.100.150.20τa0.5 [SPM]τa0.5 [CE]0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.200.000.050.100.150.20τa0.5 [SPM]τa0.5 [sp1A] Fig. 3. Diagram of scattering of joint values of AOD (0.5 μm) «Barentsburg - Hornsund» (a) and «Barentsburg - Ny-Alesund» (b) for AOD < 0.2 Comparative analysis of AOD characteristics in the neighboring regions (Table 2) and frequency histograms of differences (Figure 4) showed a minor, but statistically significant excess of AOD at Barentsburg over that at Ny-Ålesund and Horsund stations. In both cases, the difference (Δ) is maximal in shortwave part of the spectrum. Therefore, the content of the fine-mode aerosol is a little larger in the bigger Barentsburg settlement than in the regions of other scientific stations. The small (10-20%) AOD difference, comparable to the error, indicates that the studied characteristics are close in value at the three stations. In addition to anthropogenic factor, the diverging AOD at Barentsburg could be due to different meteorological conditions and, primarily, due to different wind characteristics in the neighboring regions. To clarify the matters, we analyzed the AOD differences (“Barentsburg – Ny-Ålesund” and “Barentsburg – Hornsund”) as functions of wind speed Proc. of SPIE Vol. 10833  1083342-3Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie on 02 Oct 2019Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use  and direction in each region. In the calculations we used meteorological parameters available at “Reliable Prognosis” website (https://rp5.ru/Weather_in_the_world).  Our analysis revealed no dependence of AOD differences in neighboring regions on wind speed. The “Barentsburg – Hornsund” AOD comparison showed quite definitely the dependence on wind direction (Figure 5а): larger values (Δ = 0.05-0.06) are observed for wind directions from the southern sector (150°-200°). In the joint “Barentsburg – Ny-Ålesund” data no explicitly manifested interrelation between Δ and wind direction is observed (Figure 5b). Table 2. Statistics of comparison results: mean (± SD) values, mean difference Δ = τa (SPM) – τa (SP1A or CE 318), correlation coefficients R, N – data amount  «Barentsburg – Ny-Alesund» (N = 887) «Barentsburg – Hornsund» (N = 426)  SPM SP1A R Δ SPM CE 318 R Δ τa (0.38) 0.117 ± 0.076 0.093 ± 0.093 0.83 0.024 ± 0.052 0.126 ± 0.098 0.102 ± 0.074 0.77 0.024 ± 0.062 τa (0.5) 0.077 ± 0.058 0.068 ± 0.078 0.89 0.009 ± 0.038 0.086 ± 0.077 0.074 ± 0.059 0.81 0.012 ± 0.046 τa (0.87) 0.037 ± 0.027 0.032 ± 0.037 0.83 0.005 ± 0.021 0.043 ± 0.035 0.039 ± 0.028 0.71 0.004 ± 0.025 α 1.38 ± 0.36 1.39 ± 0.42 0.10 - 1.28 ± 0.37 1.27 ± 0.37 0.16 - β 0.043 ± 0.027 0.026 ± 0.032 0.63 - 0.042 ± 0.038 0.032 ± 0.024 0.54 -  -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.100.050.100.150.20ΔBarentsburg - HornsundΔN/N-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.100.050.100.150.20ΔBarentsburg - Ny_AlesundΔN/N Fig. 4. Frequency histograms of the differences in neighboring areas of Spitsbergen  0o 50o 100o 150o 200o 250o 300o 350o0o50o100o150o200o250o300o350oDirection of the wind (Barentsburg)Direction of the wind (Hornsund)-0.018-0.0070.0030.0140.0250.0350.0460.0570.068Δτa0.50o 50o 100o 150o 200o 250o 300o 350o0o50o100o150o200o250o300o350oDirection of the wind (Ny_Alesund)-0.018-0.010-0.0030.0040.0110.0180.0250.0320.039Δτa0.5Direction of the wind (Barentsburg)  Fig. 5. Average distribution of AOD differences (“Barentsburg – Hornsund” and “Barentsburg – Ny-Ålesund”) as a function of wind direction at each site  Proc. of SPIE Vol. 10833  1083342-4Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie on 02 Oct 2019Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use  CONCLUSIONS We compared the multiyear (2011-2017) measurements of spectral AOD of the atmosphere at Arctic stations Hornsund, Barentsburg, and Ny-Ålesund. Comparison of data of quasi-synchronous measurements showed a minor (comparable to error) excess of AOD at Barentsburg over that at neighboring stations. The AOD difference is more pronounced in shortwave part of the spectrum, indicating larger content of fine-mode aerosol at Barentsburg. Analysis of joint “Barentsburg – Hornsund” AOD values revealed larger AOD differences for wind directions from the southern sector. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank their colleagues who participated in preparation of instrumentation and in measurements, i.e., D.G. Chernov, A.V. Gubin, K.E. Lubo-Lesnichenko, A.N. Prakhov, A.P. Rostov, O.R. Sidorova, S.A. Turchinovich, and Yu.S. Turchinovich. These studies were supported by the Complex Program II.1 of Basic Research, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (through projects nos. 0368-2018-0014). REFERENCES [1] Delene, D.J., and Ogren J.A., “Variability of aerosol optical properties at four North American surface monitoring sites,” J. Atmos. 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Comparison of atmospheric aerosol optical depths measured with different sun photometers in three regions of Spitsbergen Archipelago

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