Editado por Reinhard Lieberei, Helmut Bianchi, Vera Boehm, Christoph Reisdorff

CAMARÃO, A. P.

HOHNWALD, S.

KING, J. M.

RISCHKOWSKY, B.

RODRIGUES FILHO, J. A.

SCHULTZE-KRAFT, R.

VIELHAUER, K.

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EditorsLayoutPrintingReinhard Lieberei 1, Helmut K. Bianchi 2, Vera Boehm 1, Christoph Reisdorff 11 Universität Hamburg, Institut für Angewandte Botanik, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany2 GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH,  Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht GermanyHelmut K. Bianchi, GKSS, Karsten Bittner, Documedia, Geesthacht, GermanyGKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Geesthacht, GermanyISBN 3-00-010691-XLieberei, R., Bianchi, H-K., Boehm, V., Reisdorff, C., (eds.) 2002: Neotropical Ecosystems, Proceedings of the German-Brazilian Workshop, Hamburg 2000. GKSS-Geesthacht .The publishers give permission to copy single contributions from the Proceedings for personal use exclusively.Copies may be passed on only with the correct specification of the source.The research cooperation has been carried out under the auspices of the German - Brazilian GovemmentalAgreement on the Cooperation in Scientific Research and Technological Development.The issuance of the Proceedings and the production of the CD-ROM was sponsored (Code 0339991) by theThe responsibility for the contents of the contributions is solely the authors'.Federal Ministry of Education and Research German-Brazilian Workshop on Neotropical Ecosystems – Achievements and Prospects of Cooperative ResearchHamburg, September 3-8, 2000Concepts and Paradigms for Management of Ecosystem Resources – Summaries of Posters, Session 6Hohnwald, S., Rischkowsky, B., Camarão, A. P., Rodrigues Filho, J. A., Vielhauer, K., Schultze-Kraft, R., King, J. M. :From Monotonous to Enriched Bushy Pastures to Replace the Traditional Smallholder Management in North-Eastern Pará, Brazil345traits and are therefore abundant in a large spectrum of sites.The analysis reveals at least three fundamentally differentecological types of secondary forest tree species and someof their functional traits:Type 1: Treelet, fraction leaf biomass / overground biomasshigh - ± large leaves - low leaf area weight – leaves hairy;Type 2: Low tree, large leaves - high leaf area weight - lea-ves ± hairy;Type 3: Medium tree, fraction leaf biomass / overgroundbiomass low - small leaves - low leaf area weight - leavesglabrous.These sets of traits indicate different strategies for an effi-cient use of resources in a changing environment during aprogressive succession.AbstractThis study explores possibilities to replace the traditionalpasture management of smallholders in the Bragantina regionin northeastern Pará, Brazil. Whereas the practice of the small-holders is to keep a 'clean', monospecies grass-only pasture,biodiverse pastures could probably be ecologically more ade-quate and sustainable. Thus, two options are being tested, aBrachiaria humidicola pasture enriched with two bushy andone herbaceous legume, namely Cratylia argentea,Chamaecrista rotundifolia and Arachis pintoi, and aBrachiaria humidicola pasture allowing a controlled regrowthof secondary vegetation ("Capoeira"). The functionality ofthese two alternatives is currently being studied in a researchermanaged on-farm experiment by comparing them with a tradi-tional pasture and an undisturbed regrowth of Capoeira. KeywordsCapoeira, cattle, enriched pastures, humid tropics, legumes,secondary vegetation, smallholder1 IntroductionIn the humid tropics smallholders’ pastures reach an advancedstate of degradation after 7 to 10 years due to decreasing soilfertility (SERRÃO & NEPSTAD 1985), insect pests and invadingsecondary vegetation, so-called 'Capoeira' (UHL et al. 1988).The stocking rate has to be gradually reduced until the costs ofmaintaining the pasture are no longer justified. At the end,usually after 10 to 15 years of use, pastures are abandoned andit is difficult to convert the area into agriculturally cultivatableland. Not only this degradation of monospecies grassland butalso the experience with other monocultures in biodiversewoody ecosystems suggest that there is a need for ecologicallymore adequate solutions. This study proposes to abandon theconcept of 'clean' grasslands and to find alternative pasturemanagement strategies.2 Material and Methods2.1 The Grass/ Legume PastureOne option to achieve greater diversity is to enrichtraditional, sown pastures with legumes, which areparticularly valuable because of their ability to fix nitrogenand to improve the animal diet. A combination of 5 m stripsof Arachis pintoi combined with Cratylia argentea (fore-ground of photo) and 5 m strips of Chamaecrista rotundi-folia (background) combined with Brachiaria humidicola istested. 2.2 The Grass/ Capoeira PastureA second option is to tolerate the natural regrowth of theCapoeira vegetation in the pastures (LOKER, 1994). A pre-condition to a successful integration of pastures in thetraditional slash-and-burn cycle is that the species com-position under the heavy impact of cattle (eating, trampling)remains the same as in an undisturbed Capoeira. From Monotonous to Enriched Bushy Pastures to Replace the Traditional SmallholderManagement in North-Eastern Pará, BrazilHohnwald, S.1, Rischkowsky, B.1, Camarão, A. P.2, Rodrigues Filho, J. A.2, Vielhauer, K.3, Schultze-Kraft, R.4, King, J. M. 11 Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Germany2 Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Brazil3 Center for Development Research, Bonn, Germany4University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, GermanyGerman-Brazilian Workshop on Neotropical Ecosystems – Achievements and Prospects of Cooperative ResearchHamburg, September 3-8, 2000Concepts and Paradigms for Management of Ecosystem Resources – Summaries of Posters, Session 6Hohnwald, S., Rischkowsky, B., Camarão, A. P., Rodrigues Filho, J. A., Vielhauer, K., Schultze-Kraft, R., King, J. M. :From Monotonous to Enriched Bushy Pastures to Replace the Traditional Smallholder Management in North-Eastern Pará, Brazil346Fig.1: The four treatments: Traditional pasture, Grass/Legume pasture, Grass/Capoeira pasture, Natural CapoeiraThese two new types of pasture are compared with atraditional pasture and an undisturbed regrowth of Capoeira(Fig. 1). The experiment was set up on a 3.2 ha field of asmallholder in Igarapé-Açu, which had been cultivated withannual crops (maize, cassava) for 1.5 years preceded by a12-year-old Capoeira. The three pasture types are beingtested in three replications in a block design. Within eachpasture plot an enclosure of 100 m2 has been fenced to allowthe undisturbed regrowth of Capoeira. Three male crossbredcattle with an initial weight from 165 to 240 kg have beenallocated to each of the three treatments and rotatedbetween the three replications. The stocking rate will beadjusted according to forage availability and the grazingand resting periods of the treatments are synchronized. Oneach pasture plot the vegetation dynamics is being observedin four 10 x 10 m permanent sub-plots. 3 ResultsAfter six months of establishment and 6 months of grazing,the Grass/Legume pasture fulfils its two functions withsome problems (Fig. 2). A. pintoi is spreading only slowlyand is further diminished during the grazing periods. Theleaves of C. argentea were completely consumed during thesecond rotation but they regrow well. C. rotundifolia wasfound in 16 % of the feces samples and persists well on thepastures (CAMARÃO et al., 2000).Fig. 3 shows the numbers of plant species in aGrass/Capoeira pasture in comparison to an undisturbedNatural Capoeira, before and after half a year of grazing.The Grass/Capoeira pasture has only a slightly lower phyto-diversity, which increases with time as in the Capoeira,while the proportion of trees, bushes, lianas, herbs andgrasses has remained nearly the same. 4 DiscussionThe slow but successful establishment and the persistenceof the legumes after the first six months of grazing lookpromising. Still it has to be awaited if the legumes persist inthe dry season and if they meliorate the soil fertility.Contrary to expectation the contribution of the legumes tothe cattle diet did not lead to higher daily weight gains.So far, grazing did not alter the composition of thesecondary vegetation though some Capoeira tree speciescontributed to the cattle diet (cf. CAMARÃO et al., 2000). IfGerman-Brazilian Workshop on Neotropical Ecosystems – Achievements and Prospects of Cooperative ResearchHamburg, September 3-8, 2000Concepts and Paradigms for Management of Ecosystem Resources – Summaries of Posters, Session 6Hohnwald, S., Rischkowsky, B., Camarão, A. P., Rodrigues Filho, J. A., Vielhauer, K., Schultze-Kraft, R., King, J. M. :From Monotonous to Enriched Bushy Pastures to Replace the Traditional Smallholder Management in North-Eastern Pará, BrazilSkatulla, M., Coêlho, L. F., Gottsberger, G., Lieberei, R. and Preisinger, H.: Regeneration Strategies of Selected Forest Plant Species in the Central Amazon347the regenerative potential of the Capoeira can be sustainedduring the whole period of pasture use, then the area couldeasily be used for cropping allowing a short fallow periodafter abandonment.5 ReferencesCAMARÃO, AP, RODRIGUES FILHO, JA, RISCHKOWSKY, B, HOHNWALD, S,MENDONÇA, C, 2000: Botanical composition and quality of enrichedand traditional pastures in northeastern Pará, Brazil, in this volume.LOKER, WM, 1994: Where's the beef?: Incorporating cattle into sustaina-ble agroforestry systems in the Amazon Basin. Agroforestry Systems 25,227-241. SERRÃO, EAS, NEPSTAD, DC, 1985: Pastures on Amazonian Forestlands:A Review of Environmental and Economic Performance. Embrapa-CPATU, Belém. UHL, C, BUSCHBACHER, R,. SERRÃO, EAS, 1988: Abandoned pastures ineastern Amazonia. I. Patterns of plant succession. Journal of Ecology 76,663-681.6 AcknowledgementThe research project was carried out under the auspices of the agreementon scientific-technological cooperation signed by the governments ofGermany and Brazil. The German partner was sponsored by the FederalMinistry of Education and Research (BMBF, FKZ: 01LT0002/9, SHIFT).The Brazilian partner was sponsored by the Council for Scientific andTechnological Development (CNPq, processo: 690076/98-3).Fig. 2: Cover estimation of A. pintoi and C. argentea in the 5 m.Fig. 3: Changes in phytodiversity on a Grass/Capoeira pasturestrips (36 samples from 1 m x 1 m plots) in comparison to an undi-sturbed Natural Capoeira. Regeneration Strategies of Selected Forest Plant Species in the Central AmazonSkatulla, M.1, Coêlho, L. F.2, Gottsberger, G.3, Lieberei, R.1 and Preisinger, H.11 Universität Hamburg, Institut für Angewandte Botanik, Hamburg, Germany2 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia, Manaus-AM, Brazil3 Universität Ulm, Institut für Spezielle Botanik, Ulm, Germany1 IntroductionDuring succession the occurrence of plant species dependson their regenerative strategies, which do fit or not under theconditions present in the developing vegetation. Plantspecies, which can re-establish by new sprouts from the rootstock, tolerate regular cutting of their stems. Otherwise newplants of the species have to germinate from seeds out of thesoil seed bank. The upgrowing plants modify the conditionsof the site, thus leading to competition and impairment offurther establishment of those plants common in thevegetation. Plant species of other vegetation types, showingother regenerative strategies, could get established now.As an example for these competitions three plant speciestypical for primary forest and three plant species typical forsecondary vegetation with different regenerative strategieshave been studied with special reference to their importancefor the plant establishment and succession.2 ResultsAbandoned areas are mainly occupied by plants whichregenerate vegetatively (Tab. 1). Species of the formerprimary forest, as Pogonophora schomburgkiana Miers. exBenth., regenerate from their root stocks. On the other handthe Pioneer Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy is veryabundant due to its sprouting from lateral roots. Besidesthem only plant species with high seed production andunspecialized seed dispersal, as Cecropia concolor Willd.,establish frequently in the younger secondary vegetation.The fruits produced in the younger fallow vegetation attractsmall birds, leading to the dispersal of species of older

From monotonous to enriched bushy pastures to replace the traditional smallholder management in north-eastern Pará, Brazil.

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From monotonous to enriched bushy pastures to replace the traditional smallholder management in north-eastern Pará, Brazil.

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