Hypervelocity impact tests were carried out at 4.8 km/s using the Open University's All Axis Light Gas Gun (AALGG) in the Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute (PSSRI)'s Hypervelocity Impact Laboratory. A first estimate of the peak loading pressures was made using preliminary hydrocode simulations, supported by calculations. Following a review of existing published quartz and sandstone data, our previously published plate impact data were combined with high pressure quartz data to produce a synthetic Hugoniot. This will form the basis of future hydrocode modelling, as a linear Us-Up relationship does not adequately represent the behaviour of sandstone over the pressure range of interest, as indicated by experimental data on Coconino sandstone. This work is a precursor to investigating the biological effects of shock on microorganisms in sandstone targets. This paper also contains the first presentation of results of ultra high speed imaging of hypervelocity impact at the Open University. © 2007 American Institute of Physics

Cockell, C. S.

Miljkovic, K.

Proud, W. G.

Taylor, E. A.

Tsembelis, K.

Zarnecki, J. C.

English

Miljković, K.

Taylor, E.A.

Proud, W.G.

Cockell, C.S.

Zarnecki, J.C.

espace@Curtin

Impact pressures generated by spherical particle hypervelocity impact on yorkshire sandstone

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Open Research OnlineThe Open University’s repository of research publicationsand other research outputsImpact pressures generated by spherical particlehypervelocity impact on Yorkshire SandstoneConference or Workshop ItemHow to cite:Miljkovic, K.; Taylor, E. A.; Tsembelis, K.; Proud, W. G.; Cockell, C. S. and Zarnecki, J. C. (2007). Impactpressures generated by spherical particle hypervelocity impact on Yorkshire Sandstone. In: Shock Compression ofCondensed Matter, 24-29 Jun 2007, Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA, pp. 1049–1052.For guidance on citations see FAQs.c© 2007 American Institute of PhysicsVersion: Version of RecordCopyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyrightowners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policiespage.oro.open.ac.uk   IMPACT PRESSURES GENERATED BY SPHERICAL PARTICLE HYPERVELOCITY IMPACT ON YORKSHIRE SANDSTONE  K. Miljković1, E. A. Taylor1, K. Tsembelis1, 2*, W. G. Proud2, C. S. Cockell3 and  J. C. Zarnecki3  1Department of Physics and Astronomy, CEPSAR, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, U. K. 2Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K. 3Planetary and Space Science Research Institute, CEPSAR, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, U. K. *: Now at Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd, Chalk River Labs, ON, Canada.  Abstract.  Hypervelocity impact tests were carried out at 4.8 km/s using the Open University's All Axis Light Gas Gun (AALGG) in the Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute (PSSRI)’s Hypervelocity Impact Laboratory.  A first estimate of the peak loading pressures was made using preliminary hydrocode simulations, supported by calculations. Following a review of existing published quartz and sandstone data, our previously published plate impact data were combined with high pressure quartz data to produce a synthetic Hugoniot. This will form the basis of future hydrocode modelling, as a linear Us-Up relationship does not adequately represent the behaviour of sandstone over the pressure range of interest, as indicated by experimental data on Coconino sandstone.  This work is a precursor to investigating the biological effects of shock on microorganisms in sandstone targets. This paper also contains the first presentation of results of ultra high speed imaging of hypervelocity impact at the Open University. Keywords: Sandstone, Hugoniot, Particle Impact, Microbial Life, Hydrocode. PACS: 62.50.+p, 61.43.Gt, 07.35.+k.    INTRODUCTION  Recent research has evaluated the conditions for the development of microorganisms in impact structures. Our understanding of present-day microbiology of these impact structures is limited. There is also little understanding of about how impact heating and shock alter the suitability of rocks as sites for microbial colonization, nor of the effects of non-lethal impact on the microbial life.  For example, shock processing of rocks at the Haughton impact structure (impact shocked gneiss) in the Canadian High Arctic has made them more colonisable by cyanobacteria [1]. Following a review of existing published quartz and sandstone data, our plate impact data were combined with high pressure quartz data to produce a synthetic Hugoniot. This will form the basis of future hydrocode modelling.  A first estimate of the peak loading pressures was made using preliminary hydrocode simulations, supported by impedance matching and analytical calculations.  Experimental particle impact data was also produced using the All Axis Light Gas Gun (AALGG) in the Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute (PSSRI)’s Hypervelocity Impact Laboratory This work is a precursor to investigating the effects of shock on microorganisms in sandstone targets.   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE    The Open University’s All Axis Light Gas Gun (AALGG) (Fig. 1) was used to accelerate a 1 1049   CP955, Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 2007,  edited by M. Elert, M. D. Furnish, R. Chau, N. Holmes, and J. Nguyen © 2007 American Institute of Physics 978-0-7354-0469-4/07/$23.00    mm diameter spherical stainless steel projectile at a velocity of 4.8 km/s, which was measured using laser velocimetry.  The target, consisting of Yorkshire sandstone plate assemblies, was mounted 30° (from the horizontal) to the line of flight (Fig. 2).  A DRS Ultra High Speed Camera (Ultra 8), with velocity calculation and camera triggering by MS Instruments equipment, was used for high speed imaging. One 500 J flash head was used for illumation, triggered from the laser velocimetry equipment. An overview of the Open University’s Hypervelocity Impact Laboratory including the AALGG, is reported elsewhere [2].   Figure 1. OU’s AALGG. The Ultra 8 camera was mounted to image inside the chamber, via a small mirror.   Figure 2. Target configuration, showing FOV of ultra high speed camera and the target measurements made (grid cell is 1x1 cm). The darker area indicates location of B. subtilis bacteria doping.  EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS  A total of 13 shots were carried out. As other work was ongoing in parallel (e.g. varying stop plate diameter of hole; testing a burst disk (or petal valve) design), only 1 test produced a clean single impact on target (Fig. 3a). Some other targets showed two impacts (e.g. Fig. 3b). A profilometer was used to measure the depth of the crater. Examination of the craters on the stop plate craters suggests that the second impact may be due to a part of whole of the burst disk (largest dimension 0.5 mm thick, 4.5 mm diameter flat disk) impacting the target. A further four impacts were captured using ultra high speed imaging. These clearly show two impacting projectiles and the ejecta plume (Fig. 6, Fig. 7 shown on the last page). Further work on burst disk design is planned.  Exploratory research on the cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis sp. has identified that the organisms near the crater rim on ejected fragments have survived the impact.   (a)    (b)  Figure 3. (a) Single impact (b) Two impacts.   HYDROCODE SIMULATIONS   The AUTODYN hydrocode was used for the simulations of spherical particle impact to calculation the pressure generated. Previously determined C0 and S values were used [3]. A simple Drucker-Prager formulation was used for strength calculations. Data from lateral stress gauges provided the parameters for the strength model [4].  Previously published Coconino sandstone data, including upper and lower bands indicated by measurement errors are plotted in P-V space (Fig. 5 shown on the last page). A high pressure quartz Hugoniot, derived from the high pressure quartz data in Ref. 6, is also plotted in Fig. 5 (P de Carli, personal communication). The C0 and S values for this high pressure quartz Hugoniot are reported in Table 1.   The peak pressures calculated for normal incidence were compared with impedance 1050matching calculations and analytical solutions in Table 2 [7, 8], and show agreement within 15-20%.  Note that the plate impact data in Ref. 3 hint at a porosity crush in Yorkshire sandstone. It is clear that the linear Us-Up derived from the experimental measurements may be only a first approach. More detailed work is needed to resolve any two wave shock structure.  It is possible that at least some of   the differences (in the pressure-volume plane) among the various porous quartz (sand and sandstone) crush curves may simply be due to single shock versus multiple shock interpretations of the data (P de Carli, personal communication). As a first step, a synthetic Yorkshire sandstone Hugoniot was constructed by interpolating between the two, as shown in Fig. 4.   Material Density [g/cm3] C0 [km/s] Slope, S Sandstone [3] 2.24 2.07 1.94 Quartz (pers comm.) 2.65 1.67 1.78 Stainless steel (SS) [9] 7.86 4.61 1.73 TABLE 1. Hugoniot data  Approx peak P [GPA] Cav_SHOCK [8] LE [7] Hydro-code Sandstone/SS 70 98 55 Quartz/ SS 73 105 N/A TABLE 2. Peak pressure (4.8 km/s, normal incidence)  02468101214160 1 2 3 4 5Up (km/s)Us (km/s)Us = 1.60Up + 1.20Small changes to the interpolation region produce different fitsA: Us = 1.88Up + 2.09B: Us = 0.67Up + 3.39 (Us 4-5 km/s)Sensitivity studies requiredYorkshire sandstoneHigh P quartz (de Carli)Us = 0.81Up + 3.13Us = 1.94Up + 2.07ABC Figure 4. Derived Us-Up data for Yorkshire sandstone. DISCUSSION AND FURTHER WORK  The results presented here are only an initial estimation of pressures generated on spherical particle impact. The synthetic Hugoniot presented in Fig. 4 will be implemented into AUTODYN and CAV_KO to provide updated predictions of pressures (including time duration of pressures). Spall models – also an area of ongoing research - will be used to estimate pressures experienced by ejected fragments. Waste heat generated will provide a first estimate of temperature [10]. However, modelling of the release behavior of sandstone is a challenge and even though the porosity crushup can be modeled more easily, the hysteretic high pressure transformation will require implementation of new sub-routines.  CONCLUSIONS  A first estimate of the peak pressures on spherical particle impact has been made. Synthetic sandstone Hugoniot presented in this paper will be implemented in AUTODYN and CAV_KO to improve the predictions of peak pressures. More work is needed before conclusions can be drawn on the pressures experienced by B. subtilis.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  The design of the AALGG was led by Prof J. A. M. McDonnell, with design and implementation support by Chris Hall [11]. Ken Watson, HVI Laboratory Technician, supported this test programme. E. A. Taylor would like to acknowledge the valuable contributions of Mabs Gilmour (OU), Dave Strange (PAI), Nigel Thomas (SDE) and Doug Day (AWE) Brian Speyer of DRS Data and Imaging Systems. Funding for the lead author’s Ph.D. is provided by the Open University and EADS Astrium. Dr A. Jones (UCL) provided access to profilometry equipment.  Paul de Carli (SRI, UCL) and Emily Baldwin (UCL) supported discussions on modelling of sandstone. The input of Dr. Darren White (Century Dynamics, ANSYS) and colleagues is acknowledged.  105101020304050607080901000.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45V, g/ccP, GPaAhrens and Johnson Coconino (Elastic phase)Ahrens and Johnson Coconino (Low P phase)Ahrens and Johnson Coconino (Mixed region)Ahrens and Johnson Coconino (High P phase)Mixed region - upper errorMixed region - lower errorHigh P phase - upper errorHigh P phase - lower errorTaylor et al.Yorkshire sandstonede Carli quartz with high pressure releaseAhrens and Johnson QuartzInterpolation (this paper)direct measurements Figure 5. P-V data for quartz and sandstone [3, 4, 5, 6].   Figure 6. High speed imaging sequence for impact #12. The frame exposure was 2 µs and the interframe rate 20 µs.  Figure 7. High speed imaging sequence for impact #13. The frame exposure was 2 µs and the interframe rate 20 µs.   REFERENCES 1. Cockell, C.S.et al., Impact-induced microbial endolithic habitats, MAPS, 37, 1287-1298, 2002. 2. Taylor, E. A. et al., The OU HVI Laboratory, Proc. 57th ARA Meeting, Italy, Sept. 2006. 3. Taylor, E. A. et al., Hugoniot Properties of Dry Yorkshire Sandstone up to 8 GPa, Proc. SCCM 2005, 1488-1491, 2005. 4. Taylor, E. A. et al., Dynamic Response of Dry Sandstone under 1-D Shock Wave Loading: Experiments & Simulations, 1st Conf. Impact Cratering Solar System, Netherlands, May 2006. 5. Ahrens, T. J., and Johnson, M. L., Shock Wave Data for Rocks, AGU Ref. Shelf 3, 1995. 6. Ahrens, T. J., and Johnson, M. L., Shock Wave Data for Minerals, AGU Ref. Shelf 2, 1995. 7. Mizutani, H. et al., New Scaling Laws on Impact Fragmentation, Icarus, 87, 307-326, 1990. 8. Tsembelis, K., CAV_SHOCK  and CAV_KO software, http://www.shockphysics.com 9. Matuska, D. A., HULL users manual, AFATL-TR-84-59, June 1984. 10. Sharp, T. G. and deCarli, P. S., Shock Effects in Meteorites, p.653-677 in Meteorites Early Solar System II, Univ. Arizona Press, 2006. 11. McDonnell, J. A. M., Int. J. Impact Engng., 33, 410-418, 2006. 1052

Impact pressures generated by spherical particle hypervelocity impact on Yorkshire Sandstone

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Impact pressures generated by spherical particle hypervelocity impact on Yorkshire Sandstone

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