Technical capabilities for improved communication, surveillance, and navigation (CNS) over the
oceans are currently available. However, all aircraft operators will not equip simultaneously
because of the high costs required. Consequently, as these CNS systems are integrated into
oceanic air transportation architecture, the controller will have to manage the current low
frequency surveillance and communication paths in parallel with future enhanced CNS. The
cognitive effects of the mixed equipage environment were studied through field studies and
experimental analysis
