The effect of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) on visual function has not been a specific end-point of most trials comparing CAS and CEA. Ischaemic lesions of the retina and optic nerve have been reported to occur in 15-46% of carotid patients, while carotid artery stenosis significantly reduces blood flow to the eye and orbit, resulting in the ocular ischaemic syndrome
