This work provides a tool whereby the needle remains of native, south-western European Pinus spp. can be easily
identified from species-specific epidermal features. To construct this tool, the needles of P. uncinata, P. sylvestris,
P. nigra, P. pinaster, P. pinea and P. halepensis were gathered across the Northern Hemisphere range of each
taxon and compared with non-indigenous trees growing in two South Australian Botanic Gardens. Three needles
from each of these species were taken from three adult trees growing at three different localities. Light microscopy
was used to observe the key epidermal and stomatal features of the needles. To improve interpretation, additional
scanning electron microscopy samples were prepared. Epidermal features, including variation in the diameter of
the epistomatal chamber aperture (pore), are described. A taxonomic key based on the size, shape and arrangement
of the subsidiary cells of the stomatal complexes was constructed. This key enables the identification of pine needle
fragments at the species level (except those belonging to the group P. gr. nigra-uncinata). Despite their overlapping
range, pore size was helpful in distinguishing between P. nigra and P. uncinata and between three groups of
species. Isolated stomata were also observed. Cluster and discriminant analyses of stomatal variables described in
earlier studies were performed. Overlap in guard cell variables hampers species-level identification of isolated
stomata. Species discrimination is improved if groups of ecological affinity are considered