Galloway, A. G.

Holzman, J. J.

Jones, Winston William

English

ScholarSpace at University of Hawai'i at Manoa

D I V l ~ l r) ' ; ' J""'t•' J' ,. ' T ' l ·_u) ,- (_', -'_... 'f ·~ ,.. . . _ . .a. • , _.._.,. _f ·- ,_., '; .I J....1 i 1_r f BO!iPl\ O.F A Gl' T ("Tr T'J''.,... , , -.,1. .. , ' Ju ' r, L AND .FOl·:EJ TRY HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EHOBB.IM.El'f;r RA1t+-.AJ_<tN of the UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII CIRCULAR No. 14 THE EFFECT OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE STERILIZATION ON THE SOLO PAPAYA by WINSTON W. JoNES, Assistant Horticulturist ]. ]. HOLZMAN, Assistant in Horticulture Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station and A. G. GALLOWAY, Technologist Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine United States Department of Agriculture •. J HONOLULU, T . H . September 1939 I -----· --·-·------_,..... ,.. -- .. THE EFFECT OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE STERILIZATION ON THE SOLO PAPAYA By \Vinston W. Jones, assistant horticulturist, and J. J. Holz­man, as sistant in horticulture, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station; and A. G. Galloway, technologist, Bureau of Entomol­ogy and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agri­culture. The authorization for entry of Hawaiian fruits and vege­tables into the mainland of the United States permits sterilization by heating the fruit or vegetable until the approximate cen­ter reaches 110° F. and holding this temperature for a period of 8 hours in a treating medium saturated with water. No specifica­tions as to the exact methods and equipment for obtaining these conditions are given. The use of heat for the single purpose of destroying insect life is a well-known practice and does not generally involve difficulty when the only consideration is the effect on the insect. Applica­tions of high temperatures to plant material, however, introduce complications with respect to ability of the host plant to with­stand exposure which is lethal to the insect. This point was clearly demonstrated in the development of the high-temperature sterilization treatment for Florida citrus fruits during the Medi­t erranean fruitfly campaign in that state. E arly experiments indi­cated conclusively that, with applicatio11 of dry heat, the required temperature (110° F.) could not be maintained for 8 hours with­out injury to the fruit. To prevent such injury, and yet obtain satisfactory larval mortality, it was necessary to maintain a very high humidity throughout the period of treatment. In commer­cial application, live steam was applied in such a way as not to discharge directly on the fruit but with as nearly as possible uni­form distribution . The air ranged in temperature from 110° to 112° F. and was fully saturated with moisture obtained from the steam and water spray nozzles located in the air conditioning and circulating system. This particular process of sterilizing plant material for insect destruction has remained basically unchanged since its develop­ment in 1929. By its use the Florida citrus industry was enabled 4 Circular 14, Hawaii Experiment Station to ship out of a quarantined area and successfully market more than 180,000,000 pounds of citrus fruits. Grapefruit, oranges, tangerines, satsumas, and avocados were all subjected to the same process and moved commercially. It was early noticed that, in some instances, fruits other than grapefruit did not com­pletely tolerate the sterilization process and injury could not be entirely avoided. Subsequent experimental work in Florida and California in­dicated that certain fruits and vegetables did not permit the proc­ess, others were perfectly tolerant, and still others were on the borderline. In the last-mentioned cases, yarietal differences were noted, and sometimes Yariations in tolerance within the variety were evident. Recent work in Hawaii in connection with Solo papayas treated in accordance with quarantine requirements has disclosed this same intravarietal variation in resistance to injury, and has led to the efforts and experimental results described below; RESULTS OF FIRST FOUR TRIAL SHIPMENTS TO THE COAST After several trial treatments of papayas by the sterilization method, apparently without injury to the fruits, experimental shipments to the coast began. Four such shipments were made between November 23 and December 30, 1938; all were consigned to a laboratory in California where the fruits were opened and examined for general appearance, flavor, texture, and soundness. They were reported as having arrived in good condition with fine flavor and very little decay. RESULTS OF FIFTH SHIPMENT Following the same procedure as for previous lots, a fifth shipment was made on January 13, 1939. The coast laboratory reported that all fruits were injured, some seriously. The only apparent difference between the first four successful shipments and the fifth unsuccessful shipment was in time of harvest of the fruits , the former after a period of light rainfall and the latter after a period of heavy rainfall. Thus it was apparent that the success of sterilization treatment at 110° F. for 8 hours, with air at 100 percent relative humidity, might depend on the condition of the fruits. There being no practical way of controlling this . . .. .. ·---··· -·--..- .......... ·--~---"""""-"· ·'""'"'HiJi?iji"'·""'+"'*""""·""!ll'll*'l"'MI•. Effect of Iligh 0 Temperature Sterilization on Papaya 5 condition as determined by climate, the solution was dependent on modifying the sterilization treatment so as to prevent injury to fruits harvested under less desirable conditions. PLAN OF FURTHER EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENTS Since the only apparent difference between successful and unsuccessful shipments was that the fruits for the latter· were harvested after a period of heavy rainfall, it was suspected that the rainy period caused an increase in the moisture content of the fruits with a resulting decrease in tolerance to the steriliza­tion process. A consequent assumption was that if the higher water content of the fruits could be decreased before the steriliza­tion period, injury would be less likely. Papayas were harvested from the Kailua and Ewa districts of Oahu ·under known conditions in quantities sufficient for com­prehensive tesb. Maturity The ripening process in the papaya is continuous and, once begun, has no definite stages, but for practical purposes the fruits were divided into three stages of maturity: (a) Mature-green, (b) firm-ripe, and (c) ripe. Mature-green fruits are those in which the dark-green color is beginning to fade and there is a slight blush of yellow near the blossom end. Firm-ripe includes all fruits which range from mature-green to about two-thirds full yellow. Ripe fruits are classified as all riper than firm-ripe but not overripe. These color standards vary somewhat with the location and with the season of the year so that it is necessary in most instances to cut a few fruits to determine the correlation of the color with the maturity. Selection and Handling In the experiments conducted to date, only fruits of the Solo variety were selected. These came from the complete flower or type IV trees, as the pyriform papaya has proved to be more ac­ceptable to the market than the round female Solo. Only fruits free of blemishes and of the best quality were selected. These, on harvesting, were placed in field boxes containing ex­celsior and brought to the sterilization room. They were then transferred to boxes with slatted bottoms for the heat treatment. 6 Circular 14, Hawaii Experiment Station Relative Humidity During Treatment For the purposes of these experiments, the heat treatment was broken down into three phases: (a) conditioning, (b) ap­proach, and (c) sterilization. The conditioning period was an interval at the beginning of the treatment, the purpose of which was to reduce the moisture content of the fruits. The approach was the period during which the fruits were brought to the re­quired temperature. The sterilization phase was an 8-hour pe­riod during which the temperature of the fruits was maintained at 110° F. by means of air fully saturated with water. Handling After Treatment After each treatment, the fruits were immediately removed from the sterilization room and allowed to cool at room tempera­ture or, in some cases, at 50° F. After periods of about 48 hours for papayas held at room temperature and about 10 days for those held at 50° F., the fruits ,vere examined to determine the physiological effects of the treatment, including external appear­ance, flavor, aroma, color, and texture. RESULTS The general effect upon external appearance of high­temperature sterilization was a marked acceleration of color development. The flavor, aroma, color, and texture of treated, uninjured fruits were equal to or better than those of untreated fruits. Injured fruits had a cooked flavor and an unpleasant and disagreeable odor. The injured portions of the flesh and the funiculi had changed from golden orange to bright lemon-yellow. Several days after treatment, injury in some cases apparently accentuated a blackening of the vascular bundles. In the riper fruits the injured flesh became soft and translucent. In less ripe fruits, the injured portions did not ripen and remained as a hard shell about the fruit cavities. The following table sho,vs typical results of a few experi­ments which are representative of many. Twenty-four fruits at each stage of maturity were treated under each set of conditions. 7 Effect of High-Temperature Sterilization on Papaya TABLE !.-Effects of high-temperature sterilization under various conditions on Solo papayas llelol Ive humidity of treal'lng medium Extent of Injury --- - ---·-· --~ ------Conditioning Approach Sterllhmtion Mature-period- period- period- Ripe Firm-ripe green6 hours at 2 to 2'h hours 8 hours at. fruit fruit fruit.100° F. at 110° F. 110° F. Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 60 80 100 38 8 0 60 60 100 25 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 It is apparent from table I that less injury occurred when air with a low relative humidity was used during the conditioning and approach periods. Sterilization with air at 100 percent rela­tive humidity during the entire treatment injured all fruits har­vested at this season. At other periods of the year, the fruits may not all be injured, With fruits subjected to a conditioning period of 6 hours at 100° F. and 60 percent relative humidity and an approach period of 2 hours at 110° F. and 80 percent relative humidity before the required sterilization, injury was reduced from 100 percent to 37.5 percent for ripe, 8.3 percent for firm-ripe, and none for ma­ture-green fruits. \Vhen the approach period was also held at 60 percent relative humidity ins tead of being increased to 80, the injury was further reduced to 25 percent in the ripe fruits and none in the firm-ripe and mature-green fruits. CONCLUSIONS 1. The use of air fully saturated with water throughout the entire high-temperature treatment of Solo papayas resulted in maximum percentage of injury. 2. A conditioning period of 6 hours with air at 100° F. and 60 percent relative humidity followed by a period of approximate­ly 2~ hours with air at 60 percent relative humidity and 110° F. gave mm1mum mJury. After the conditioning and approach intervals, the sterilization was carried out according to require­ments. 8 Circular 14, Hawaii Experiment Station 3. In · general, ripe fruits were less tolerant than firm-ripe . or mature-green fruits during the high temperature treatment. RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations are based on the results and observations of experimental work to date. Experience has shown that even though these recommendations are followed, some in­jury may occur. The extent of such injury, however, is well with­in the limits of commercial practice. I. Only highest-quality, type IV Solo fruits should be se­lected for heat sterilization. Bruised, misshapen, scarred, and insect or fungus-injured fruits should be discarded. To avoid bruising, care must be practiced in all handling. The field boxes should be padded. 2. Fruits should be graded as to maturity before treatment and ripe fruits disposed of locally. 3. Before sterilization, the fruits should be subjected to a conditioning period of 6 hours during which the air is maintained at 100° F. and 60 percent relative humidity. The fruit tempera­ture should be raised to 110° F. (this approach period requires from 2 to 20 hours) before the humidity is increased to satura­tion and then held at this temperature for 8 hours, during which final stage the relative humidity of the air must be maintained at 100 percent. 4. Immediately upon termination of the treatment, the fruits should be removed from the sterilization chamber and ar­ranged in such a manner that they will be aerated and allowed to cool as quickly as possible to atmospheric temperature. Under no circumstances should they be packed while warm. 5. After cooling, the fruits, if they are to be shipped com­mercially, should be graded to allow for different rates of ripen­ing during treatment, and any bruised or cut fruits should be discarded. They should then be packed in an approved manner in a suitable container for shipment. 6. After packing, the fruits should be cooled to and main­tair1ed at 50° .F. Fruits treated as .recommended may be safely held for at least 10 days at this temperature. 

The effect of high-temperature sterilization on the Solo papaya

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The effect of high-temperature sterilization on the Solo papaya

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