In June 2016 Jisc funded an independent evaluation of the WHELF Shared Library Management System project to ‘understand and identify the benefits of the WHELF LMS within a structured framework’. Cambridge Econometrics (CE) was commissioned to carry out the project. CE completed the final report in September 2017 based on a range of data, including costs associated with legacy systems and the actual costs for procuring and implementing the selected system. A further factor in determining benefits was the predicted costs for counterfactual scenarios which, in most cases, would have seen institutions procure systems separately and not as part of a consortium