A new regime of oceans has come into being since

December, 1982, when, at Jamaica, more than 100 countries

affixed their signatures to a new convention to govern

the wealth and uses of seas. The laws that have been framed

hold an immense promise of development particularly for

the developing nations, inasmuch as their rights of sharing

ocean wealth are protected

DOD, Govt. of India

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40 YEARS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN MARINE FISHERIES IN INDIA A Souvenir issued at the National Symposium on Research and Development in Marine Fisheries held at Mandapam Camp, 16-18 September 1987, to mark the 40th Anniversary of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin (fiu/ian Council of Agricultural Research) P. B. No. 2704, E. R. G. Road, Cochin-682 031 Department of Ocean Development A new regime of oceans has come into being since December, 1982, when, at Jamaica, more than 100 count-ries affixed their signatures to a new convention to govern the wealth and uses of seas. The laws that have been framed hold an immense promise of development particularly for the developing nations, inasmuch as their rights of sharing ocean wealth are protected. In such an important situation, India has naturally a new role to play and a responsibility to meet for both ex-ploration and exploitation of the vast ocean located at its door step. As a first measure in this direction, a new DE-PARTMENT OF OCEAN DEVELOPMENT was created on 24 July, 1981. Since then, this department has played a key role in effectively projecting India's role in all international meetings, in seabed research, survey or polymetallic nodules and in the organization of successful expeditions to An-tarctica. Its responsibilities cover the following areas of work: 1. Matters relating to the ocean not specifically allocated to any other Department/Ministry. 2. Policy formulation, coordination, regulatory measures and developments relating to the ocean and covering: — research (including fundamental reaserch) and deve-lopment of uses relatable thereto — technology development — surveys to map and locate non-living and living re-sources — preservation, conservation and protection of the en-vironment and marine resources — development of appropriate skills and manpower — collaboration, including technical collaboration laws realatable to the above Ship moored close to ice shelf with helicopter on board for transport of men and material to the Antarctic continent ANTARCTIC PROGRAMME The Antarctic landmass and the adjacent waters are not only of immense scientific interest but also of much economic value. It is now well known that conditions in Antarctic significantly influence the weather patterns and cir-culations in Indian Ocean, which in turn affecting the yield of living resources. Thus, India was prompted to carry out a modest but vigorous research programme by launching expeditions to Antarctica, the first of which landed on the continent on 9 January, 1982. India has so far spon-sored 6 expeditions to the continent. The seventh is to start in November 1987. A well-equipped perma-nent station was established in Antarctica during the third expedition, which has been named "Dakshin Gangotri" (latitude 70° OS'S and longitude 12° OO'E). The expeditions initiated studies on different scientific disciplines which include meteorology, glaciology, geology, geophysics, geomagnetism, oceanography, radio-wave propagation, chemistry, physics, biology, etc. The Antarctic research programme is being pursued in a systematic manner. Organisation of the expenditions, running of permanent research station, operation of the supply vessels, enhancing research facilities and participating in International Antarctic research programmes and sharing the data are some of the main components of the Indian Antarctic pro-25 O.R.V. Sagar Kanya •a "4 •"Erf gramme. India has already acceded to the Antarctic Treaty in August, 1983, joining thereby the earlier signatory coun-tries of the Treaty. In September 1983, India was admitted as a Consultative party to the Treaty. After joining the Treaty, India is able to fully share and exchange the scienti-fic information on Antarctica and thus promote its own An-tarctic research. NON-LIVING RESOURCES Oceans have enormous potentials for mineral resources. Ilmenite, zircon, monazite, rutile, garnet and ma?;netite are some of the stable minerals found along the coast and most of these arc being exploited at present. As a future oceanic resource, the polymetallic nodules have exciting possibilities. Lying carpetted on the deep ocean floor over thousands of square kilometres, the nodules are potatoshaped, largely porous lumps 3 to 5 cm in diameter. These nodules are of much economic importance because, 26 bes des mu:h manganese and iron, they contain nickel, copper, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, cadmium, vanadium, titanium and other metals. The economic potential of some of these metals is known to be enormous. Occurring though in minor frac-tions, som; eft e n unmixed and some of them in combination, they can easily be extracted. The nodules are mostly depo-sited in depths ranging from 3500 m to 6000 m over a very large area. About 15 million sq. km of the Indian Ocean has nodules, which are of different size and quality. The total resource of nodules in the world oceans have been estimated at several trillion tonnes. After a very intensive survey, India has identified two sites of nodule deposit suit-able for mining. Further detailed surveys in these areas are in progress. As a result of a massive effort put in, involving a very sizeable expenditure, India has been given the status of "Pioneer Investor" by the Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1982. India is now the only developing country to acquire this status. It shares this privilege with 3 developed countries — France, USSR and Japan — and 4 multi-national consortia. India has applied to the Prepara-Fiiuipolarls Drilling machine at tiie seismic shop tory Commission of the International Seabed Authority for registration of a mining site in the Indian Ocean.* The news has come while the article is in press that India has been assigned the exclusive rights over 1.5 lakh sq. kilometers of the ocean with immediate effect — Ed. UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY To know more and more about the. deeper parts of the ocean man is trying for long, devising better and better me-thods of making observations. Submersibles, diving systems and sophisticated instrumentation devices have been deve-loped for exploring and studying the seabed and the deeper layers of the water mass. India proposes to acquire the know-how and technology needed to design, build and operate such underwater vehicles. ACQUISITION OF NEW RESEARCH VESSELS AND SHIP MANAGEMENT FORV SAGAR KANYA has been recognised as one of the most modern oceanographic research vessels in the world. Equipped to carry out geological, geophysical, meteorological, biological, physical and chemical oceanography, she can operate in all the parts of Indian Ocean. She has a very modern design and is equipped with most sophisticated equip-ments. Since her arrival, she has completed a series of cruises in the Indian Ocean. She is also being used for the survey of polymetallic nodules. Another new fishery-and-oceanographic vessel FORV SAGAR SAMPADA has joined the Indian fleet recently. Being ice-strengthened, the vessel can do fishing in Antarctic waters. The Department had also chartered ice breakers, such as "POLAR CIRCLE" and "FINNPOLARIS" for the Antarctic expeditions and M. V. FARNELLA and M. V. SKANDI SUR-VEYOR for the survey of polymetallic nodules. MARINE POLLUTION The Department has an active programme on monitor-ing pollution, keeping close contact with all organisa-tions and agencies involved in the protection of the sea. 27 - f ' I J •• •• .. ~ ,; .. I Wind/weather recorder ROMOTE SENSING Remote sensing of oceans, using aircrafts and satellites, has been recognised as a potentially powerfull tool in oceano-graphy, particularly for coastal-zone management. From a more practical point of view, maritime activities such as shipping, offshore mining, and oil drilling require effective short-term as well as long-term forecasting systems. Such forecasts had been greatly hampered because of the paucity of data over large stretches of the ocean. With the advent of remote sensing it has now become possible to collect high-density and high-frequency data on a synoptic and global scale. The Department is likely to undertake a comprehensive programme during the Seventh Plan to suit many important and urgent needs. LIVING RESOURCES Fish, shellfish and seaweeds form the major living re-sources of the sea. Exploration and monitoring by the re-search vessels SAGAR KANYA and SAGAR SAMPADA are hoped to yield a wealth of information for extending fishing activity to deeper waters, from where the yield is expected to add substantiaffy to our annual production. Seaweeds form another source of food and fertilizer and also raw material for certain chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Programmes in 28 this area include large-scale seaweed cultivation along the coast, using various indigenous methods for giving a much needed boost to the young seaweed industry in India. MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT During the next 5 to 7 years about 1,000 additional scientists, engineers and technicians will be required to man the ocean development programmes. This need is expected to be met by strengthening the existing courses in the uni-versities and Indian Institutes of Technology (IlTs), intro-duction of new need-based syllabi in the educational institu-tions, organizing in-house training, and by providing fellow-ships, associateships and new positions in universities and technical institutions. Organizations such as the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, The Bhabha Atomic Research Cen-tre, the IITs, the University Grants Commission, the Geo-logical Survey of India, Universities and many other training institutes are participating in the effort to build up an ade-quate manpower of scientists and engineers for the fast deve-loping programme in the ocean sector. COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA Data pertaining to the Indian Ocean collected by many national agencies engaged in ocean sciences, as also those available outside the country, will have to be obtained and stored at one place from where they can be disseminated. Such a responsibility has been entrusted to the Indian Na-tional Oceanographic Data Centre set up as a national faci-lity for oceanographic data and information management at the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Goa. Sensiti-vity of the oceanographic data will be examined by a com-mittee before these are released for dissemination. ENERGY FROM THE SEA Oceans are known to be a source of immense energy. The Department of Ocean Development has an active pro-gramme on (a) wave energy and (b) ocean thermal energy conversion <OTEC). India has an excellent OTEC potential and some of the most promising sites are known to be located in the islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar. DESALINATION OF SEAWATER Various types of desalination techniques are available in the country, namely distillation using solar power, flash distillation, electrodialysis and reverse osmosis. Desalination technology has an important role to play both in coastal cities and in rural areas where brackish water is available and the supply of good quality water is an important objec-tive of the national programme. The Department is promot-ing desalination programme using the technology developed by several organisations in the country. Krill of Antarctica the largest single species resource in the world ploitation, there is need for legislation besides developing expertise in the various facets of international law. In view of the complexities of the problems, the Department is build-ing a competent group on the new emerging regime of the oceans and Antarctica. MARINE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FUND A marine research and development fund (MRDF) has been created in the Department as a part of its eft'ort to en-courage meaningful ocean-related activities in different insti-tutions including private bodies in the country. Assistance provided includes grants for the purchase of equipment for holding exhibitions, symposia, conferences, workshops, etc. and for bringing out publications. Subjects considered for the support under the fund in-clude physical and chemical oceanography, marine biology, marine geology, marine geophysics, ocean engineering, marine ecology, meteorology, marine instrumentation, etc. Besides purely scientific projects, assistance is also extended to pro-jects which have politico-geographic or social dimensions of the Indian Ocean and Antarctica. LEGAL REGIME For conserving marine resources and protecting the country's interest in the field of ocean exploration and ex-Adopted from DOD's publication Activities of the Depart-ment of Ocean Development in the field of Ocean Science & Technology. 29 

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