AVILA, A. C. de

FRANCA, F. H.

MOUND, L. A.

NAGATA, T.

English

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     An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 28(3) 535Setembro, 1999SCIENTIFIC NOTEIdentification and Rearing of Four Thrips Species Vectorsof Tospovirus in the Federal District, BrazilTATSUYA NAGATA1, LAURENCE A. MOUND2, FELIX H. FRANÇA1 AND ANTONIO C. DE ÁVILA 11EMBRAPA, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Hortalicças (CNPH),Caixa postal 218, 70359-970, Brasilia, DF.2CSIRO Entomology, G.P.O. Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601, AustraliaAn. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 28(3): 535-539 (1999)Identificação e Criação de Quatro Espécies de Tripes Vetoresde Tospovirus no Distrito Federal, BrasilRESUMO - Doenças causadas pelos vírus do gênero Tospovirus são de grandeimportância em culturas de hortaliças e ornamentais no Brasil. No entanto, sãoescassos os estudos dos insetos que transmitem estes vírus no campo, os tripes.Pouco se sabe sobre as espécies de tripes que ocorrem no Brasil e quais asresponsáveis pela ampla disseminação destas doenças. Com objetivo de estudaros aspectos epidemiológicos dos vírus, diferentes populações de tripes, potenciaisvetores de tospovírus, foram coletadas no DF. Quatro espécies foramidentificadas, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, F. schultzei Trybom, Thripspalmi Karny e T. tabaci Lindeman. Este é o primeiro relato da presença de F.occidentalis e T. palmi no DF. A metodologia de criação das quatro espécies detripes é descrita.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Insecta, Thysanoptera, vira-cabeça, TSWV.ABSTRACT - The disease caused by the viruses belonging to the genusTospovirus is a serious problem in horticultural and ornamental crops in Brazil.In the field, this virus group is transmitted by the insect vector, thrips. Little isknown about the thrips species occurring in Brazil, and which species are im-portant for the dissemination of these diseases. For the study of epidemiology ofthis virus group, different thrips populations, which may have the capacity to bevectors of tospoviruses, were collected in the Federal District. Four specieswere identified: Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, F. schultzei Trybom, Thripspalmi Karny and T. tabaci Lindeman. This is the first report of the occurrence ofF. occidentalis and T. palmi in the Federal District. A methodology for the rear-ing of these four thrips is described in this report.KEY WORDS: Insecta, Thysanoptera, spotted wilt, TSWV, western flowerthrips.536In Brazil, the diseases caused byTospovirus (Type species: Tomato spotted wiltvirus, TSWV) result in large losses in severalvegetable and floral crops. However, the dis-tribution and epidemiological aspects of thesepathogens have been little studied (Nagata etal. 1995, De Ávila et al. 1996). The distincttospovirus species show similar symptoms ininfected plants, causing problems for the reli-able diagnosis of the virus species in the field.The occurrence and recognition of the thripsvector species in Brazil are also largely un-known despite the importance of these dis-eases.Currently, 10 species of thrips have beenconfirmed as being able to act as vectors ofone or more tospoviruses. Mound (1996)listed seven of these, although in the same is-sue Chen & Chiu (1996) added a further spe-cies (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood) from Tai-wan. Recently, Webb et al. (1998) demon-strated that Frankliniella bispinosa Morgancan act as a vector under laboratory condi-tions in Florida, and Nakahara & Monteiro(in press) describe a new species ofFrankliniella that is considered to be the vec-tor of the zucchini tospovirus reported fromsouthern Brazil (De Ávila et al. 1998). Ofthese ten thrips species, five are known fromBrazil including the new Frankliniella spe-cies mentioned above. The other four speciesare: Frankliniella schultzei Trybom (De Santis1970, Monteiro et al. 1998), F. occidentalisPergande (Monteiro et al. 1995a), Thripstabaci Lindeman (Costa & Medeiros 1950)and T. palmi Karny (Monteiro et al. 1995b).The first of these four species is native toSouth America although now widespread intropical countries. The second is originallyfrom California but is now widespread par-ticularly in greenhouses. The third species isprobably from the eastern Mediterranean andis widespread except in the wet tropics,whereas the fourth species is from the wettropics of South East Asia.As a preliminary to studies on the interac-tions between thrips and tospoviruses, severalthrips species were isolated in the FederalDistrict that were potential tospovirus vectors.These were identified and established as labo-ratory colonies to be used in future experi-mental studies.The adult females of one species, collectedmainly from flowers of green pepper, melon,tomato and gloxinia plants, were approxi-mately 1.4 mm in length and dark brown orblack in colour, with the males lighter in col-our and smaller (1.0-1.2 mm). Examinationof slide mounted specimens under a light mi-croscope (Oetting et al. 1993, Mound &Kibby 1998) indicated that this species wasF. schultzei. A distinctive characteristic of thisspecies is that the ocellar setae III arises closeto each other between the hind ocelli (Fig 1-A, arrow). This thrips was reported as themajor thrips species on tomato in São PauloState (Pavan et al. 1993). Nowadays it is pos-sibly the most devastating thrips species invegetable and floral crops in many regions ofBrazil. Monteiro et al. (1998) indicated thatF. schultzei was the most common speciesfound on cotton in Brazil, although it wascommonly misidentified as Thrips tabaci inthe published literature.The second thrips species was isolatedfrom garden roses. Adult females were about1.4 mm in length and smaller the male (1.0-1.2 mm). Both sexes were light brown in col-our. The major postocular setae were as longas the interocellar setae (Fig.1-B, arrows), andthe comb of microtrichia on the posteriormargin of abdominal tergite VIII was com-plete. This isolate was identified as F.occidentalis. In Brazil, this species was firstreported from Brazil in São Paulo state in1995 (Monteiro et al. 1995a), but our surveyindicates that it is now common in the Fed-eral District, about one thousand kilometresfrom São Paulo State.The third thrips species, isolated fromgreenhouse melon, cucumber and green pep-per, was the smallest one with females rang-ing from 1.0 to 1.2 mm in length and malesabout 0.8 mm. The colour was light brown toyellow. The forewing first vein had three distalsetae and the abdominal tergite II had fourlateral setae. This species was identified asThrips palmi (Fig. C). Among the thrips col-Nagata  et al.     An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 28(3) 537Setembro, 1999Figure 1. Light micrographs of four thrips species. A) F. schultzei, Arrow shows the ocellersetae III between the hind ocelli which is close each other. B) F. occidentalis. Arrows showthat resemble length of major postocular setae and the interocellar setae. C) T. palmi and D) T.tabaci.538lected in this survey, T. palmi appears to bethe greatest threat as a crop pest. It causedtotal crop loss in a 20 ha field of green pep-pers in Goiás State, and severe losses of greenhouse melons and cucumbers in the FederalDistrict in 1998. This species was first re-ported in Brasil in 1995 in São Paulo State(Monteiro et al. 1995b), but is now establishedin Central Brazil.The fourth species was collected fromspring onion. Only females were found, theirbody length being 1.2 to 1.3 mm, and theircolour light brown. The forewing first veinhad four distal setae and the abdorminal tergiteII had three lateral setae. This species wasidentified as Thrips tabaci (Fig. D). It is animportant pest of onion crops in Brazil, andhas been reported as damaging pea crops inthe Federal District (França & Giordano1984). However, records of Thrips tabacifrom cotton in Brasil are probably allmisidentifications of F. schultzei (Monteiro etal. 1998).For rearing, 500 ml glass jars were usedas cages. On the top of the screw cap, a 4 to 5cm diameter hole covered with anti-thrips netwas made for ventilation. The jars were incu-bated at 25 °C constant and 16 h photope-riod. Young fresh bean pods (cv. MacarrãoPaulista) were added as feeding andovipositing material with a 2-day interval ex-change. For the genus Frankliniella, pine pol-len and/or 10% sucrose solution in water wasadded once every two weeks. T. tabaci couldgrow well only with fresh bean pods. How-ever, small cucumber fruits (CNPH 83-914)are good as a food source for T. palmi insteadof bean pods. Fresh cucumber should bechanged once each week. Using this method,approximately 500 thrips could be reared inone glass jar for all four species.It is intended to use these established colo-nies for tospovirus transmission studies, inorder to investigate the epidemics ofTospovirus  diseases in Brazil.AcknowledgementsWe thank Dr. Alice K. Inoue-Nagata foruseful discussion and revision of this paper.The first author was supported by RHAE,CNPq, the project number 610192/97-2.Literature CitedCosta, A.A. & Z.P. Medeiros. 1950. O piolhode cebola (Thrips tabaci Lindeman).Revista Agronomia, Rio de Janeiro, 9: 1-16.Chen, C.C. & R.J. Chiu. 1996. A tospovirusinfecting peanut in Taiwan. Acta Hort.,431: 57-67.De Ávila, A.C. M.F. Lima, R. de O.Resende, L. Pozzer, E. Ferraz, E.A.A.Maranão, J.A. Candela & N.D. Costa.1996. Identificação de tospovirus emhortaliças no Submédio São Franciscoutilizando DAS-ELISA e Dot-ELISA.Fitopatol. bras. 21: 503-508.De Ávila, A.C., L. Pozzer, I. Bezerra, R.Kormelink, M. Prins, D. Peters, T.Nagata, E.W. Kitajima & R. de O.Resende. 1998. Diversity of tospovirusesin Brazil. In: The Fourth InternationalSymposium on Tospoviruses and Thripsin Floral and Vegetable Crops. May,1998. Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp.32-34.De Santis, L. 1970. Nota sobre Frankliniellaschultzei (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Argdo Inst. Biológ., 37: 297-300.França, F.H. & L.B. Giordano. 1984. Pragasda ervilha e seu controle no DistritoFederal. In Congresso Brasileiro deOlericultura, Jaboticabal, SP, 24: 140.Monteiro, R.C., R.A. Zucchi & L.A.Mound. 1995a. Frankliniella occiden-talis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera,Thripidae) em Chrysanthemum sp. Anaisdo 15o Congresso de Entomologia,Caxambu, resumo 774.Nagata  et al.     An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 28(3) 539Setembro, 1999Monteiro, R.C., R.A. Zucchi & L.A.Mound. 1995b. Thrips palmi Karny,1925 (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) noestado de São Paulo. Anais do 15oCongresso de Entomologia, Caxambu,resumo 773.Monteiro, R.C., Zucchi, R.A. & Mound,L.A. Thrips tabaci Lind.: E realmenteuma praga do algodoeiro no Brasil? An.Soc. Entomol. Brasil 27: in press.Mound, L.A. 1996. The Thysanoptera vectorspecies of Tospoviruses. Acta Hort., 431:298-307.Mound, L.A. & G.  Kibby. 1998.Thysanoptera: An Identification Guide,2nd edition. CAB International,Wallingford. 70pp.Nagata, T., P.C.T. De Melo, C.J. DeBarbosa, J.C. Juliati, E.W. Kitajima &A.C. De Ávila. 1995. Occurrence ofdifferent tospoviruses in six states ofBrazil. Fitopatol. bras. 20: 90-95.Nakahara, S. & R.C. Monteiro. 1999. Anew species and vector of tospovirus inBrazil (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Proc.Entomol. Soc. Washington 101: in press.Oetting, R.D., R.J. Beshear, T.-X. Liu, S.K.Braman & J.R. Baker. 1993. Biologyand Identification of thrips on greenhouseornamentals. Research Bulletin, 414. TheGeogia Agric. Expt. St., The Universityof Geogia, USA.Pavan, M.A., A.S. Costa, C. Kurosawa,L.C. Forti & A.M. Guimarães. 1993.Colonização do tomateiro e de ervasdaninhas pelo tripes vetor do vírus dovira-cabeça do tomateiro. Hort. Bras. 11:122-125.Webb, S., J. Tsai & F. Mitchell. 1998.Bionomics of Frankliniella bispinosa andits transmission of tomato spotted wiltvirus. In: The Fourth InternationalSymposium on Tospoviruses and Thripsin Floral and Vegetable Crops. May,1998. Wageningen, The Netherlands. p.67.Received 26/VIII/98. Accepted 04/VI/99.

Identification and rearing of four thrips species vectors of Tospovirus in the Federal District, Brazil.

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Identification and rearing of four thrips species vectors of Tospovirus in the Federal District, Brazil.

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