Effects of elderberry extract and elderberry extract-derived FL on inhibition of H₂O₂ treatment-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and improvement of testosterone secretion in TM3 cells.

Abstract

TM3 cells were treated with EB and FL combined with H2O2 (600 μM) for 24h and analyzed for intracellular ROS (A, B) and testosterone secretion (C, D). Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). #p ###p p p p 2O2 group, analyzed via one-way ANOVA. CTL: control, EB: elderberry extract, FL: fructose–leucine.</p